English Speaking Countries 2025

English is the third most spoken native language in the world, behind only Mandarin (Chinese) and Spanish, and is spoken by more people overall than any other language in the world. English gained traction around the world during the 17th century—largely due to the influence of the British Empire and the United States—and has become the leading language of international discourse and business.

A Brief History of the English Language

English is a West Germanic language, part of a group of languages that developed in the area of Europe’s North Sea, which includes modern-day countries such as Germany, Norway, Denmark, and the United Kingdom (among others). There are six West Germanic languages in all: English, Dutch/Flemish, German, Afrikaans, Yiddish, and the lesser-known Frisian.

English as we know it has its origin in Germanic tribes who migrated to the UK around 400-500 CE. The language they developed is typically classified as Old English, and it looks and sounds very little like the English of today—particularly thanks to its different word order, now-peculiar spellings, and use of characters such as ash (æ) and eth (ð), both of which have fallen out of common use today. This language evolved into Middle English during the twelfth-fifteenth centuries, influenced by Latin, Old Norse, and French. Middle English is much more readable to the modern eye, though the spelling is often still unusual and the th-sounding letter thorn, now written as þ (not to be confused with p) had not yet been replaced by Y (as in “Ye Olde Shoppe” and which, in turn, was later replaced by th).

Sometime around the 1500s, Middle English gave way to Modern English, which continues to evolve and change. For example, today’s writing is filled with acronyms, abbreviations, creative use of punctuation and capitalization, and emojis that simply did not exist a century ago.

The Role of English in the Modern World

English is the preeminent language of business, diplomacy, and international communication around the world. It is one of six official languages used by the United Nations and is used by organizations including the International Olympic Committee, the European Free Trade Association, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. It is the most widely taught foreign language around the world and the most-used language in scientific studies, with roughly 50% of English-language science writing created by researchers whose native language is other than English.

In light of this worldwide acceptance, many countries have English designated as the de jure official language, meaning it is legally recognized as the official language. In some cases, particularly in Africa, where countries may have dozens of regional languages, English is frequently the official language but not the primary language. This means that English can be used in business, education, and official documents but is not the language most widely spoken by its residents. This is the case for such nations as India and Pakistan.

In some nations, English is a de facto national language, meaning that it exists in reality and is practiced, even though it is not officially recognized by law. This is especially true in countries that have no official language. For example, even though English is the most commonly spoken language in the United States, the country actually has no legally declared official language at the federal level. As such, English is the de facto national language. Of the nations where English is a de facto national language, the United States is the most populous with an estimated 332 million people.

The “Three Circles” of English

Linguist Braj Kachru developed the three circles model in the mid-1980s to describe the spread of English and describe the various degrees to which English is prevalent in each country. The model visualizes English as a series of three differently-sized circles, arranged concentrically like a bulls-eye. While even Kachru admits there are still a few edge cases that don’t fit cleanly into any of the three circles, his model nonetheless accommodates the majority of the world’s countries using a mere three distinct categories:

• The Inner Circle — The smallest circle, this section includes countries in which English is the native language of the majority of the population: mainly the United States, the United Kingdom and Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, South Africa, and much of Canada. The Inner Circle is the “norm-providing” circle, where native speakers continue to evolve the language’s rules and usage.

• The Outer Circle — This confusingly named circle is actually the second of the three, lodged firmly in between its smaller and larger siblings. The Outer Circle comprises countries with small communities of native English speakers and widespread use of English as a second language. English is not the primary language or the mother tongue, but it is widely used as a lingua franca language for trade and business, as well as a bridge language between people whose native tongues are different from one another. Countries in the Outer Circle include India, Nigeria, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Kenya, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, and Singapore—where English is so prevalent that it may soon become the primary language. The Outer Circle is also referred to as the “norm-developing” circle, as it adopts but also challenges the norms created by the Inner Circle.

• The Expanding Circle — The largest circle of all is the Expanding Circle, which encompasses countries in which English has no historic or cultural role and is neither a primary nor a bridge language—yet is commonly spoken as a foreign language, typically for business. Countries in the Expanding Circle include Russia, China, Japan, Brazil, and much of the rest of the world. The Expanding Circle is often called the “norm-dependent” circle because it relies upon the other circles to determine the proper usage of the language.

English Speakers in Specific Locations

The Americas

Within the English-speaking countries in the Americas, an estimated 320-350 million people can speak English. About 297 million are native speakers residing in the United States, while 30 million live in Canada. In Central and South America, there are about 10 million English speakers. The English speakers are spread across Puerto Rico (.5 million), Chile (1.97 million), Columbia (2 million), and Argentina (3 million).

Africa

Many countries in Africa consider English a second language. Given the diversity in the languages on the continent, statistics show that about 237 million people speak English in the region. Most English speakers in Africa reside in Cameroon (9 million) and about 95 million in Nigeria. There are 29 million English speakers in Uganda and South Africa (16 million).

Oceania

Within the Oceania region, about 30 million people speak English. Twenty-two million are native English speakers from Australia. 4 million come from New Zealand, with a majority of the citizens speaking New Zealand English. There are a total of about 900,000 English speakers in Fiji and 2 million in Papua New Guinea.

Caribbean

In the Caribbean, there are about 18 territories where English is the official language. It’s also a language popularly used among tourists. So, even if you’re in a region where it isn’t the primary language, most people within the region speak it as a second language. The largest and most populous island in the Caribbean (Jamaica) has a population of about 2.8 million people, nearly all of whom speak English, though Jamaican Patois is commonly used in daily life.

Middle East

A large population in the Middle East speaks Arabic. English is regarded as a “business” language taught in universities and schools as a second language. In Iraq, 35% of the country’s English speakers consider it their second language. In Israel, over 80% of the country’s population can speak it.

Asia

Asia has few native English speakers, with most speaking English as a foreign or second language. This continent has about 460 million people who can speak English. India leads as the country with a high number of people who can speak English at 265 million. Pakistan has 25 million, Bangladesh 29 million and the Philippines has 50 million.

Singapore has over 4.2 million English speakers, making up over 80% of its total population. English is also among the country’s official languages, like Tamil, Mandarin, and Malay. Only 36% of the country’s total population are native speakers. Japanese is the official language in Japan, but it’s estimated that 30 percent of the country’s population can speak English at any level. Only 2% can speak English fluently.

Europe

Europe has an average of 200 million English speakers. The total number of English speakers in the United Kingdom is estimated at 60 million. Northern Ireland accounts for 1.7 million people, Wales and England have over 49.8 million, and Scotland has 5.1 million.

There are 20.7 million people who can speak English in Italy, 25.4 million in France, and 45.8 million in Germany. A majority of the United Kingdom English Speakers consider it their native language. The other countries in the European region speak it as their second language.