National Identity Card Policies by Country 2026

National identity cards are portable, plasticized cards with personal information. They are used within the country to prove identity and citizenship in many countries. Most countries that have national identity cards make them compulsory for their citizens. In some European Union countries, citizens may use their national identity cards to travel to other countries within the EU without needing to bring their passports.

Many countries have national identity cards, and several other countries, such as the Philippines, are considering adding a requirement that their citizens carry national identity cards.

Some of the countries requiring national identity cards are:

• China. China’s national identity cards have 18-digit identity numbers. The identity card is required for many activities in China, including opening bank accounts, attending domestic universities, and applying for a driver’s license.
• Malaysia. Malaysia’s national identity card is called MyKad. It is used primarily to verify citizenship, but it can also be used as an ATM card or public key.
• Thailand. The Thai national identity card is issued to citizens between 7 and 70. It contains biometric information and is required to receive government services, apply for a mobile phone, and open a bank account.
• Singapore. The National Registration Identity Card in Singapore is for citizens and permanent residents. The cards are color-coded to show the difference. Citizens and residents register for the card at age 15 and re-register at 30 and 55.
• Estonia. Estonia has digital identity cards. Citizens use them to pay bills, vote online, and access health benefits, among other things. Estonia also has e-identity cards for permanent residents as well as citizens.
• Peru. Peru mandates a National Identity Document for criminal, civil, administrative, and judicial uses. The country is transitioning to electronic cards.
• Pakistan. Pakistan issues national identity cards to all its citizens. The cards have a 13-digit identification number and are necessary for opening bank accounts, obtaining mobile phone service, and receiving a passport, among other things.
• India. Indian national identity cards are called Aadhaars. They have photos and a 12-digit Aadhaar number. They are required for essential services such as electricity and bank accounts.