Punishment for Illegally Entering Countries 2024

Monetary Fines - United States

Paying a fine is a common punishment for illegally entering countries. For instance, the U.S. Code Title 8, Section 1325 states that the criminal penalty for improper entry by an alien includes paying a fine, whether it’s a first-time or subsequent offense.

Civil penalties levied against aliens may also involve a fine, ranging from $50 to $250 or more depending on whether it’s a first-time offense. Additionally, if a person illegally enters the U.S. by committing marriage fraud, they’ll be fined up to $250,000.

Detention - UK

Typically, detention is an administrative procedure whereby immigration officials keep illegal immigrants in custody while they wait for expulsion or permission to enter. However, it can also be a criminal procedure if the immigration detainee is awaiting trial or sentencing.

The U.K. is one of the top countries with a well-developed immigration detention system. Detainees are usually held in prisons, Immigration Removal Centers (IRCs), and Short-Term Holding Facilities (STHFs). In the past, the U.K. did not have a time limit on immigration detention, but the country’s parliament recently voted to limit immigration detention to 28 days.

Imprisonment - Hungary

Countries like Hungary have strong anti-immigrant laws and impose the harshest punishment for illegally entering a country - jail. Besides having border fences meant to minimize illegal entry, Hungary also changed its immigration laws so that illegal entry is now a crime, punishable by up to 8 years in prison. The country’s parliament also passed a law that makes it a crime to help an illegal immigrant claim asylum.

Community Service - Italy

Unlike penalties such as imprisonment and corporal punishment, community service is a more humane punishment for illegally entering countries. It’s also an approach that Italy has considered as an effective solution to dealing with illegal immigrants.

The idea behind it is to reduce the expenses associated with hosting illegal immigrants. If free community service is mandatory for asylum seekers, this helps deter illegal immigrants that burden the country’s resources.

Corporal Punishment - Malaysia

Although corporal punishment infringes on human rights, countries like Malaysia have used caning as an immigration control tool. Generally, this is not a common punishment for illegally entering countries, because as mentioned, it’s prohibited under international human rights law.

Deportation - Canada

Deportation and removal are always the final punishment for illegally entering countries. So, even if the illegal immigrant pays a fine or receives some form of punishment, such as imprisonment, they’re still returned to their home country. For instance, Canada has carried out mass deportations of non-citizens in the past.

Bans - Australia

Once illegal immigrants are caught, processed, and deported, they may be punished further with re-entry bans. For instance, if you’re an illegal immigrant in Australia and you get a re-entry ban, it means you may not be able to enter the country for at least three years. Sometimes the ban can be permanent. Violation of the re-entry ban is usually treated as a criminal offense.

Country	Punishment	Additional Comments
Albania	Imprisonment of up to 2 years or fine.	Stricter punishment prescribed for assistance in illegal border crossing or sheltering those who cross the border illegally.
Algeria	Detention not exceeding 30 days in immigrant detention camp followed by deportation.
Angola	Expulsion.
Argentina	Deportation.
Armenia	Imprisonment of up to 3 years or fine.	Stricter punishment prescribed for illegal border crossing committed by group with prior agreement. Asylum seekers exempt from punishment.
Austria	Fine or imprisonment for up to 6 weeks.	Classified as “administrative” offense equivalent to misdemeanor. No punishment for refugees or persons recognized as in need of protection. Administrative prosecution process suspended during asylum application process
Azerbaijan	Imprisonment of up to 2 years or fine.	Stricter punishment prescribed for illegal border crossing committed by group with prior agreement. Asylum seekers exempt from punishment.
Bahrain	Imprisonment for 90 days, fine, or both.
Bangladesh	Imprisonment for up to 5 years and fine.
Belarus	Fine; increased fine and or imprisonment if aggravating circumstances present.	Illegal reentry committed within one year after fine punishable by increased fine or imprisonment of up to 2 years. Imprisonment of up to 7 years for illegal entry with use of motorized vehicles, by group, or by previously deported person. Asylum seekers exempt from punishment if they turned themselves in to authorities immediately after crossing border.
Belgium	8 days to 3 months of imprisonment, fine, or both for initial illegal entry; 1 month to 1 year imprisonment, fine, or both for repeat offenders or those previously deported less than 10 years prior.
Benin	Fine.	Unclear whether illegal entry is considered crime or merely administrative offense. Only penalty is fine to be determined by Ministers of Interior and Finance, so likely administrative.
Bhutan	Deportation.	Classified as petty misdemeanor.
Bolivia	Deportation for 3 years and fine.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Deportation.
Botswana	Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 10 years, or both.
Brazil	Deportation.
Brunei	Imprisonment for 3 months to 2 years depending on nature of offense, fine, and removal.	Removal for entry outside of port of entry; imprisonment for up to 1 year, fine, and removal for contravening entry control provision; imprisonment for 3 months to 2 years and fine, plus removal, for unlawful entry.
Bulgaria	Imprisonment of up to 5 years or fine.
Cambodia	Imprisonment for 3 to 6 months and deportation.
Cameroon	3 months to 2 years of imprisonment, fine, or both.
Canada	Fine and imprisonment for 6 months or 2 years, depending on nature of offense. In reality, most violators simply deported or ordered to leave.	Unlawful entry or entry at undesignated point not explicitly criminalized but falls under general prohibition against contravening or failing to comply with statutory obligation.
Cape Verde	Expulsion.
Cayman Islands	Fine and imprisonment for 1 or 5 years, depending on offense.	For illegal entry, fine and imprisonment for 5 years; for first-time travel document offenses, fine and imprisonment for 1 year.
Chile	Imprisonment from 61 days to 5 years and deportation.
China	Imprisonment, criminal detention, or public surveillance, and fine, depending on nature of offense; foreigners also subject to deportation.	Criminal penalties for illegal border crossing: imprisonment for up to 1 year, criminal detention for shorter period, or public surveillance, and fine. Imprisonment for 1 to 3 years and fine if terrorism involved. Public security penalties for illegal border crossing: detention for up to 5 days or fine. Detention for 5–10 days and/or fine for illegal entry under exit & entry law. Foreigners may face deportation for committing any of these offenses. Per Supreme People’s Court and Supreme People’s Procuratorate Interpretations, “serious circumstances” (prerequisite to criminal sanctions) include: (1) harming national interests overseas; (2) repeating offense more than 3 times or in group of more than 3 people; (3) instigating others to join; (4) collaborating with overseas organizations or persons; (5) repeating offense within 1 year after being given administrative penalties for illegal border crossing.
Colombia	Fine and deportation.
Comoros	6 months to one year of imprisonment and fine.
Cook Islands	Fine.
Croatia	30-day detention and fine followed by deportation and temporary reentry ban
Cuba	Imprisonment of 1 to 3 years or fine.	Migrants who enter seeking asylum not criminally liable.
Czech Republic		Illegal border crossing punishable by imprisonment of 1 to 5 years only if committed with use or threat to use violence.
Denmark	Monetary fine or up to six months or three years imprisonment, depending on crime.	Entering/exiting outside of designated border crossings punishable with monetary fines or up to six months’ imprisonment; repeat offenders subject to more severe sentence. Persons who illegally enter to seek asylum not punished. Re-entering Denmark in violation of deportation order punishable with monetary fines or up to three years’ imprisonment. Remaining in Denmark without proper documentation punishable with fine or up to one year of imprisonment.
Djibouti	Deportation and fine; 3 to 6 months’ imprisonment for illegal reentry.	Unclear whether first offense is crime or merely administrative offense. Only enalized with fine.
Dominica	Fine, imprisonment for 1 year, or both.
Dominican Republic	Deportation.
DR Congo	Up to 3 months imprisonment, fine, or both; 1 to 6 months imprisonment, fine, or both for illegal reentry.
Ecuador	Fine and deportation.
Egypt	Imprisonment, fine, or both; deportation.
El Salvador	Expulsion.	Administrative offense. Ministry of Justice and Public Safety orders expulsion of aliens; General Directorate of Migration and Aliens controls migration and investigates/punishes violations.
Estonia	Imprisonment of up to 1 year or fine; enhanced prison term for aggravating circumstances.	Up to 10 years of imprisonment for using face mask, carrying weapons, or endangering human life or property while entering illegally.
Eswatini	Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 6 months, or both.
Ethiopia	Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 3 years, or both.
Finland	Monetary fines or up to one year of imprisonment, depending on crime.	Illegally crossing the border (Riksgränsbrott) or re-entering Finland in violation of deportation order punishable with monetary fines or imprisonment of up to one year. If illegal entry is “crime in the lesser degree,” only monetary fines prescribed. Persons who illegally enter Finland to seek asylum or who have been subject to human trafficking not punished for illegal entry.
France	1 year of imprisonment and/or fine; 3 years’ imprisonment for illegal reentry.	Perpetrator must be caught in act of illegally entering or immediately afterwards for charges to be brought. Otherwise, undocumented immigrants can be prosecuted for unlawful stay, a distinct offense. (Fabienne Jault-Seseke et al., Droit de la nationalité et des étrangers 441-42 (2015).)
Gambia	Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 1 year, or both.
Georgia	Imprisonment of 3 to 5 years.	Asylum seekers exempt from punishment if they turned themselves in to authorities immediately after crossing border.
Germany	Imprisonment of up to 1 year or fine.	If person presents him/herself without delay to authorities and applies for asylum, no criminal charges filed.
Ghana	Fine, custodial sentence of 3 months to 1 year, or both.
Greece	Fine and imprisonment for at least 3 months, deportation with or without detention.	Persons not dangerous or a flight risk may be asked to self-deport within max. 30 days. Deportation prohibited if person has been recognized as refugee or has applied for asylum.
Grenada	Fine
Guatemala	Fine, 6 months imprisonment, or both; deportation.	Illegal entry, entry through unauthorized places, lack of identity and travel documents, or illegal stay all administrative violations.
Guinea	Deportation; 1 to 5 years imprisonment, fine, or both for illegal reentry.
Guyana	6 months imprisonment and fine.
Haiti	6 months to 1 year of imprisonment and fine.
Honduras	Fines, imprisonment, and/or deportation, depending on nature of offense.	"Irregular" entry or stay of aliens consists of entry through unauthorized place, noncompliance with rules on entry and stay, and overstaying. Fine for entry through unauthorized place. Imprisonment from 6 months to 3 years followed by expulsion for reentry after prior expulsion. Entry or stay with false documents subject to deportation; criminal penalties apply for falsification.
Hungary	Imprisonment of up to 8 years, deportation, and reentry ban.
Iceland	Monetary fines or up to six months imprisonment.	Entering, reentering, or residing in Iceland illegally subject to monetary fine or six months' imprisonment. Penalties waived for persons arriving directly from region where they had reason to fear persecution.
India	Imprisonment for 2 to 8 years and fine for illegal entry; up to 3 months’ imprisonment, fine, or both for entry without passport or with forged passport/visa.
Indonesia	Fine and/or imprisonment for up to one year or five years, depending on crime.	Shorter term of imprisonment for knowingly entering without examination by immigration officer at immigration checkpoint; longer term for entering with no legal/valid travel document or visa.
Iran	Discretionary imprisonment for one to three years or fine.	Pending bill would amend laws/regulations and exempt from punishment unauthorized border crossers granted or seeking asylum; legal authorities would have max. 3 months to make asylum decision, during which time asylum seekers would be held in special detention centers (https://perma.cc/8J9T-4TCU, in Persian).
Iraq	Imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, fine, or both; deportation.
Ireland	Fine, imprisonment for up to 12 months, or both.
Israel	5 years imprisonment, fine, or both.	15 years to life imprisonment if offender is armed and offense involves harm to property or public peace.
Italy	Fine; 5 to 15 years imprisonment and fine for aggravating circumstances.	Penalties for illegal entry of non-EU persons, reentry after expulsion, reentry of previously removed EU citizens, and stay following expiration of residence permit. (Luigi Modaffari, Il Reato di Ingresso e Soggiorno Illegale nel Territorio dello Stato, Altalex Sept. 18, 2009) Penalties increased if aggravating circumstances present, as defined in law.
Ivory Coast	1 month to 1 year of imprisonment and fine; 6 months to 3 years imprisonment for illegal reentry.
Jamaica	Fine or imprisonment with or without hard labor for up to 3 years, and/or deportation.
Japan	Imprisonment for not more than 3 years and/or fine, and deportation.	Offenders exempt from penalty if they claim before immigration officer that they are refugees who came directly from concerned territories without delay and other conditions met.
Jordan	Imprisonment not exceeding six months, fine, or both; deportation.
Kazakhstan	Imprisonment of up to 1 year or fine and deportation.
Kenya	Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 1 year, or both.
Kiribati	Imprisonment for six months and fine.
Kuwait	Imprisonment not exceeding 30 days, fine, or both; deportation.
Kyrgyzstan	Imprisonment of up to 2½ years or correctional labor of up to 3 years.
Laos	Fine.
Latvia	Short-term detention, community service or fine.	Imprisonment of up to 1 year can be imposed on those previously banned from reentry; stricter punishment if illegal entry committed by group of people or by using vehicle.
Lebanon	Fine and deportation.
Lesotho	Fine; if fine not paid, custodial sentence not exceeding 2 months
Liberia	Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 1 year, or both
Libya	Imprisonment, fine, or both; deportation.
Liechtenstein	Fine.	Administrative offense. Immigration and Passport Office responsible for illegal entry offenses unless individual is repeat offender, in which case Court of First Instance (Landgericht) is responsible authority.
Lithuania	Imprisonment for up to 2 years, detention, or fine.	Punishment does not apply to those who cross border in search of asylum.
Luxembourg	8 days to 1 year of imprisonment, fine, or both; 6 months to 1 year of imprisonment, fine, or both for illegal reentry; 1 month to 2 years imprisonment, fine, or both if person entered illegally by lying or presenting forged papers.
Macau	Deported and banned from reentry within specified time; up to 1 year of imprisonment for reentry in violation of ban.
Madagascar	6 months to 1 year of imprisonment, fine, or both.
Malaysia	Imprisonment for up to five years, fine, or both, plus liable “to whipping of not more than six strokes” and removal.	Fine and/or imprisonment applies to entry without valid entry permit/pass, or entry other than at authorized landing place, airport, or point of entry. Whipping only applicable to entry without valid permit/pass.
Maldives	Fine and discretionary deportation.
Mali	3 months to 3 years of imprisonment, fine, or both.
Marshall Islands	Imprisonment up to 5 years, fine, or deportation.
Mexico	Deportation
Micronesia	Imprisonment up to 2 years, fine, or deportation
Moldova	Imprisonment of up to 2 years, community service, or fine.
Montenegro	20-day detention or fine.
Morocco	Detention in immigration detention center until deportation.
Mozambique	Expulsion.
Myanmar	Imprisonment for 6 months to 5 years or fine.
Namibia	Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 5 years, or both
Nauru	Fine if no valid visa.
Nepal	Fine
Netherlands	Imprisonment up to 6 months or fine.	While law does not penalize undocumented entry by itself, failure to provide travel document when requested by border guard subject to criminal penalty.
Nicaragua	Fines and detention.	Administrative offense. “Irregular” entry or stay consists of entry through unauthorized place or other than place of official immigration control, entry using falsified or fraudulently obtained passports, stay following expiration of legal residence, or attempting to exit through unauthorized place. Fines apply to aliens not in possession of corresponding identity documents.
Nigeria	Fine, custodial sentence of 10 years, or both.
Niue	Imprisonment for up to two years and fine.	Penalties apply for failing to report immediately to immigration officer at designated immigration place and failing to apply for permit.
North Macedonia		Imprisonment of up to 1 year imposed on those who illegally enter while armed or by using violence.
Norway	Monetary fines, or up to six months or two years imprisonment, depending on crime.	Failure to enter at designated border crossing from non-Schengen country or residing in country without proper documentation subject to monetary fine or six months’ imprisonment. Reentering in violation of expulsion order punishable with monetary fine or imprisonment for up to two years. Persons seeking asylum exempt from penalties if asylum sought in timely manner.
Oman	Imprisonment for 3 months to 3 years, fine, or both; deportation.
Pakistan	Imprisonment for up to 10 years and fine.
Palau	Imprisonment up to 2 years, fine, or deportation.
Papua New Guinea	Imprisonment for up to six months or fine.
Paraguay	Imprisonment of 3 months to 2 years
Peru	Deportation.
Philippines	Deportation, imprisonment, and fine.
Poland	Imprisonment of up to 2 years or fine.	Stricter penalties for illegal entry committed in groups or by use of violence.
Portugal	Expulsion.
Qatar	Imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, fine, or both; deportation.
Romania	Imprisonment of 6 months to 3 years or fines.	Imprisonment of up to 5 years imposed on previously deported illegal entrants. Juveniles and victims of human trafficking exempt from prosecution.
Russia	Imprisonment or correctional labor of up to 2 years or fine.	Stricter punishment for those whose presence Russia forbids or for groups. Asylum seekers exempt from punishment.
Rwanda	Imprisonment for 30 days to 6 months, fine, or both; 1 to 3 years imprisonment, fine, or both for illegal reentry.
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Fine, imprisonment for up to 12 months, or both, and/or deportation.	Act determines “no person may enter ... except at a formal port of entry.” Illegal crossing by not cooperating with or willfully misleading immigration officer is punishable.
Saint Lucia	Fine, 6 months imprisonment, or both, and/or deportation.
Samoa	Fine, imprisonment, or both, depending on crime.	Fine only for entry other than in accordance with law or without entry permit; imprisonment for 12 months, fine, or both, for general offense of acting or attempting to act in contravention of, or failing to comply with, any provisions in law. Offenses dealt with summarily following person making an admission and submitting a request in writing penalized by lower fine.
Sao Tome and Principe	Expulsion.
Saudi Arabia	Detention until deportation.
Senegal	1 to 3 months imprisonment, fine, or both; 1 to 5 years imprisonment and fine for illegal reentry.
Serbia	Detention of up to 1 month or fine; enhanced penalty if aggravating circumstances.	Illegal crossing with weapons or use of force criminalized and punished by up to 1 year of imprisonment.
Seychelles	Fine and 3-year prison term.
Singapore	Imprisonment for up to 6 months and caning with not less than 3 strokes or fine.
Slovakia	Fine.	Varied administrative fines, processed by police.
Slovenia	Fine.
Solomon Islands	Daily fines after 21st day of unlawful presence.	Fine applies for presence as unlawful noncitizen, including noncitizen who enters without valid visa. No fine if person departs before end of twenty-first day of unlawful presence.
South Africa	Fine or custodial sentence not exceeding 2 years.
South Korea	Imprisonment for not more than 5 years or fine, and deportation.	Offenders exempt from penalty if they claim they are refugees who came directly from concerned territories without delay before immigration officer and other conditions met.
Spain	Fine.
Sri Lanka	Imprisonment for 1 to 5 years and fine.
Sudan	Detention or house arrest until deportation.
Sweden	Monetary fines, or up to six months or one year of imprisonment, depending on crime.	Illegal entry from outside Schengen Area punishable with monetary fines or imprisonment of up to one year. Being present in Sweden without proper documentation subject to monetary fine. Reentering Sweden in violation of deportation order punishable with imprisonment of up to one year, or monetary fines if act is considered “crime in the lesser degree” (ringa brott). Penalties do not apply to persons who timely seek asylum.
Switzerland	Imprisonment of up to one year or fine.	If immediately deported, prosecution, committal to court, or imposition of penalties may be dispensed with for foreign nationals who unlawfully entered or left country.
Taiwan	Imprisonment for up to 3 years, detention, and/or fine. Any alien sentenced to imprisonment may be deported.
Tajikistan	Imprisonment from 2 to 5 years or fine.	Asylum seekers exempt from punishment.
Tanzania	Fine, custodial sentence, or both. Recidivism subject to higher fine, longer custodial sentence, or both.
Thailand	Imprisonment not exceeding 2 years, fine, and deportation.
Togo	6 months to 2 years imprisonment for illegal reentry.
Tonga	Imprisonment for up to two years, fine, or both, plus removal. Same penalties but up to three years’ imprisonment if previously removed.
Trinidad and Tobago	Fine and imprisonment for 3 years for first offense; double fine and 5 years’ imprisonment for subsequent offenses.
Tunisia	Imprisonment and fine; deportation.
Turkey	Administrative fine, deportation with or without detention.	Persons not dangerous or a flight risk may be asked to self-deport within max 30 days. Deportation prohibited if person has been recognized as person under international protection or has applied for protection.
Turkmenistan	Correctional labor of up to 2 years or imprisonment of up to 2 years.	Asylum seekers exempt from punishment.
Turks and Caicos Islands	Fine, imprisonment for 2 years, or both.
Tuvalu	Imprisonment for six months and fine.
Uganda	Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 3 years, or both.
Ukraine	Imprisonment of up to 3 years.	Criminally prosecuted only if illegal entry committed to damage state’s interests or by individuals banned by courts from entering.
United Arab Emirates	Imprisonment and deportation.
United Kingdom	Fine, 6 months imprisonment, or both, and deportation.	"Illegal entry" includes entry in breach of deportation order or without leave. May be dealt with as administrative action only, resulting in deportation or removal.
United States	Deportation.
Uzbekistan	Imprisonment from 3 to 5 years or fine.
Vanuatu	Imprisonment for up to two years, fine, or both.	Penalties for failing to comply with requirement to enter at appointed port or airport, or entering/attempting to enter without valid visa. Person served with penalty notice who pays amount specified on the notice within 30 days not liable to further proceedings.
Venezuela	Deportation.
Vietnam	Fine and deportation.	Administrative offense.
Zambia	Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 2 years, or both.
Zimbabwe	Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 1 year, or both.

Country

Is Illegal Country Entry Punishable?

Punishment

Additional Comments

Albania

Imprisonment of up to 2 years or fine.

Stricter punishment prescribed for assistance in illegal border crossing or sheltering those who cross the border illegally.

Algeria

Detention not exceeding 30 days in immigrant detention camp followed by deportation.

Angola

Expulsion.

Argentina

Deportation.

Armenia

Imprisonment of up to 3 years or fine.

Stricter punishment prescribed for illegal border crossing committed by group with prior agreement. Asylum seekers exempt from punishment.

Austria

Fine or imprisonment for up to 6 weeks.

Classified as “administrative” offense equivalent to misdemeanor. No punishment for refugees or persons recognized as in need of protection. Administrative prosecution process suspended during asylum application process

Azerbaijan

Imprisonment of up to 2 years or fine.

Stricter punishment prescribed for illegal border crossing committed by group with prior agreement. Asylum seekers exempt from punishment.

Bahrain

Imprisonment for 90 days, fine, or both.

Bangladesh

Imprisonment for up to 5 years and fine.

Belarus

Fine; increased fine and or imprisonment if aggravating circumstances present.

Illegal reentry committed within one year after fine punishable by increased fine or imprisonment of up to 2 years. Imprisonment of up to 7 years for illegal entry with use of motorized vehicles, by group, or by previously deported person. Asylum seekers exempt from punishment if they turned themselves in to authorities immediately after crossing border.

Belgium

8 days to 3 months of imprisonment, fine, or both for initial illegal entry; 1 month to 1 year imprisonment, fine, or both for repeat offenders or those previously deported less than 10 years prior.

Benin

Fine.

Unclear whether illegal entry is considered crime or merely administrative offense. Only penalty is fine to be determined by Ministers of Interior and Finance, so likely administrative.

Bhutan

Deportation.

Classified as petty misdemeanor.

Bolivia

Deportation for 3 years and fine.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Deportation.

Botswana

Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 10 years, or both.

Brazil

Deportation.

Brunei

Imprisonment for 3 months to 2 years depending on nature of offense, fine, and removal.

Removal for entry outside of port of entry; imprisonment for up to 1 year, fine, and removal for contravening entry control provision; imprisonment for 3 months to 2 years and fine, plus removal, for unlawful entry.

Bulgaria

Imprisonment of up to 5 years or fine.

Cambodia

Imprisonment for 3 to 6 months and deportation.

Cameroon

3 months to 2 years of imprisonment, fine, or both.

Canada

Fine and imprisonment for 6 months or 2 years, depending on nature of offense. In reality, most violators simply deported or ordered to leave.

Unlawful entry or entry at undesignated point not explicitly criminalized but falls under general prohibition against contravening or failing to comply with statutory obligation.

Cape Verde

Expulsion.

Cayman Islands

Fine and imprisonment for 1 or 5 years, depending on offense.

For illegal entry, fine and imprisonment for 5 years; for first-time travel document offenses, fine and imprisonment for 1 year.

Chile

Imprisonment from 61 days to 5 years and deportation.

China

Imprisonment, criminal detention, or public surveillance, and fine, depending on nature of offense; foreigners also subject to deportation.

Criminal penalties for illegal border crossing: imprisonment for up to 1 year, criminal detention for shorter period, or public surveillance, and fine. Imprisonment for 1 to 3 years and fine if terrorism involved. Public security penalties for illegal border crossing: detention for up to 5 days or fine. Detention for 5–10 days and/or fine for illegal entry under exit & entry law. Foreigners may face deportation for committing any of these offenses. Per Supreme People’s Court and Supreme People’s Procuratorate Interpretations, “serious circumstances” (prerequisite to criminal sanctions) include: (1) harming national interests overseas; (2) repeating offense more than 3 times or in group of more than 3 people; (3) instigating others to join; (4) collaborating with overseas organizations or persons; (5) repeating offense within 1 year after being given administrative penalties for illegal border crossing.

Colombia

Fine and deportation.

Comoros

6 months to one year of imprisonment and fine.

Cook Islands

Fine.

Croatia

30-day detention and fine followed by deportation and temporary reentry ban

Cuba

Imprisonment of 1 to 3 years or fine.

Migrants who enter seeking asylum not criminally liable.

Czech Republic

Illegal border crossing punishable by imprisonment of 1 to 5 years only if committed with use or threat to use violence.

Denmark

Monetary fine or up to six months or three years imprisonment, depending on crime.

Entering/exiting outside of designated border crossings punishable with monetary fines or up to six months’ imprisonment; repeat offenders subject to more severe sentence. Persons who illegally enter to seek asylum not punished. Re-entering Denmark in violation of deportation order punishable with monetary fines or up to three years’ imprisonment. Remaining in Denmark without proper documentation punishable with fine or up to one year of imprisonment.

Djibouti

Deportation and fine; 3 to 6 months’ imprisonment for illegal reentry.

Unclear whether first offense is crime or merely administrative offense. Only enalized with fine.

Dominica

Fine, imprisonment for 1 year, or both.

Dominican Republic

Deportation.

DR Congo

Up to 3 months imprisonment, fine, or both; 1 to 6 months imprisonment, fine, or both for illegal reentry.

Ecuador

Fine and deportation.

Egypt

Imprisonment, fine, or both; deportation.

El Salvador

Expulsion.

Administrative offense. Ministry of Justice and Public Safety orders expulsion of aliens; General Directorate of Migration and Aliens controls migration and investigates/punishes violations.

Estonia

Imprisonment of up to 1 year or fine; enhanced prison term for aggravating circumstances.

Up to 10 years of imprisonment for using face mask, carrying weapons, or endangering human life or property while entering illegally.

Eswatini

Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 6 months, or both.

Ethiopia

Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 3 years, or both.

Finland

Monetary fines or up to one year of imprisonment, depending on crime.

Illegally crossing the border (Riksgränsbrott) or re-entering Finland in violation of deportation order punishable with monetary fines or imprisonment of up to one year. If illegal entry is “crime in the lesser degree,” only monetary fines prescribed. Persons who illegally enter Finland to seek asylum or who have been subject to human trafficking not punished for illegal entry.

France

1 year of imprisonment and/or fine; 3 years’ imprisonment for illegal reentry.

Perpetrator must be caught in act of illegally entering or immediately afterwards for charges to be brought. Otherwise, undocumented immigrants can be prosecuted for unlawful stay, a distinct offense. (Fabienne Jault-Seseke et al., Droit de la nationalité et des étrangers 441-42 (2015).)

Gambia

Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 1 year, or both.

Georgia

Imprisonment of 3 to 5 years.

Asylum seekers exempt from punishment if they turned themselves in to authorities immediately after crossing border.

Germany

Imprisonment of up to 1 year or fine.

If person presents him/herself without delay to authorities and applies for asylum, no criminal charges filed.

Ghana

Fine, custodial sentence of 3 months to 1 year, or both.

Greece

Fine and imprisonment for at least 3 months, deportation with or without detention.

Persons not dangerous or a flight risk may be asked to self-deport within max. 30 days. Deportation prohibited if person has been recognized as refugee or has applied for asylum.

Grenada

Fine

Guatemala

Fine, 6 months imprisonment, or both; deportation.

Illegal entry, entry through unauthorized places, lack of identity and travel documents, or illegal stay all administrative violations.

Guinea

Deportation; 1 to 5 years imprisonment, fine, or both for illegal reentry.

Guyana

6 months imprisonment and fine.

Haiti

6 months to 1 year of imprisonment and fine.

Honduras

Fines, imprisonment, and/or deportation, depending on nature of offense.

"Irregular" entry or stay of aliens consists of entry through unauthorized place, noncompliance with rules on entry and stay, and overstaying. Fine for entry through unauthorized place. Imprisonment from 6 months to 3 years followed by expulsion for reentry after prior expulsion. Entry or stay with false documents subject to deportation; criminal penalties apply for falsification.

Hungary

Imprisonment of up to 8 years, deportation, and reentry ban.

Iceland

Monetary fines or up to six months imprisonment.

Entering, reentering, or residing in Iceland illegally subject to monetary fine or six months' imprisonment. Penalties waived for persons arriving directly from region where they had reason to fear persecution.

India

Imprisonment for 2 to 8 years and fine for illegal entry; up to 3 months’ imprisonment, fine, or both for entry without passport or with forged passport/visa.

Indonesia

Fine and/or imprisonment for up to one year or five years, depending on crime.

Shorter term of imprisonment for knowingly entering without examination by immigration officer at immigration checkpoint; longer term for entering with no legal/valid travel document or visa.

Iran

Discretionary imprisonment for one to three years or fine.

Pending bill would amend laws/regulations and exempt from punishment unauthorized border crossers granted or seeking asylum; legal authorities would have max. 3 months to make asylum decision, during which time asylum seekers would be held in special detention centers (https://perma.cc/8J9T-4TCU, in Persian).

Iraq

Imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, fine, or both; deportation.

Ireland

Fine, imprisonment for up to 12 months, or both.

Israel

5 years imprisonment, fine, or both.

15 years to life imprisonment if offender is armed and offense involves harm to property or public peace.

Italy

Fine; 5 to 15 years imprisonment and fine for aggravating circumstances.

Penalties for illegal entry of non-EU persons, reentry after expulsion, reentry of previously removed EU citizens, and stay following expiration of residence permit. (Luigi Modaffari, Il Reato di Ingresso e Soggiorno Illegale nel Territorio dello Stato, Altalex Sept. 18, 2009) Penalties increased if aggravating circumstances present, as defined in law.

Ivory Coast

1 month to 1 year of imprisonment and fine; 6 months to 3 years imprisonment for illegal reentry.

Jamaica

Fine or imprisonment with or without hard labor for up to 3 years, and/or deportation.

Japan

Imprisonment for not more than 3 years and/or fine, and deportation.

Offenders exempt from penalty if they claim before immigration officer that they are refugees who came directly from concerned territories without delay and other conditions met.

Jordan

Imprisonment not exceeding six months, fine, or both; deportation.

Kazakhstan

Imprisonment of up to 1 year or fine and deportation.

Kenya

Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 1 year, or both.

Kiribati

Imprisonment for six months and fine.

Kuwait

Imprisonment not exceeding 30 days, fine, or both; deportation.

Kyrgyzstan

Imprisonment of up to 2½ years or correctional labor of up to 3 years.

Laos

Fine.

Latvia

Short-term detention, community service or fine.

Imprisonment of up to 1 year can be imposed on those previously banned from reentry; stricter punishment if illegal entry committed by group of people or by using vehicle.

Lebanon

Fine and deportation.

Lesotho

Fine; if fine not paid, custodial sentence not exceeding 2 months

Liberia

Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 1 year, or both

Libya

Imprisonment, fine, or both; deportation.

Liechtenstein

Fine.

Administrative offense. Immigration and Passport Office responsible for illegal entry offenses unless individual is repeat offender, in which case Court of First Instance (Landgericht) is responsible authority.

Lithuania

Imprisonment for up to 2 years, detention, or fine.

Punishment does not apply to those who cross border in search of asylum.

Luxembourg

8 days to 1 year of imprisonment, fine, or both; 6 months to 1 year of imprisonment, fine, or both for illegal reentry; 1 month to 2 years imprisonment, fine, or both if person entered illegally by lying or presenting forged papers.

Macau

Deported and banned from reentry within specified time; up to 1 year of imprisonment for reentry in violation of ban.

Madagascar

6 months to 1 year of imprisonment, fine, or both.

Malaysia

Imprisonment for up to five years, fine, or both, plus liable “to whipping of not more than six strokes” and removal.

Fine and/or imprisonment applies to entry without valid entry permit/pass, or entry other than at authorized landing place, airport, or point of entry. Whipping only applicable to entry without valid permit/pass.

Maldives

Fine and discretionary deportation.

Mali

3 months to 3 years of imprisonment, fine, or both.

Marshall Islands

Imprisonment up to 5 years, fine, or deportation.

Mexico

Deportation

Micronesia

Imprisonment up to 2 years, fine, or deportation

Moldova

Imprisonment of up to 2 years, community service, or fine.

Montenegro

20-day detention or fine.

Morocco

Detention in immigration detention center until deportation.

Mozambique

Expulsion.

Myanmar

Imprisonment for 6 months to 5 years or fine.

Namibia

Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 5 years, or both

Nauru

Fine if no valid visa.

Nepal

Fine

Netherlands

Imprisonment up to 6 months or fine.

While law does not penalize undocumented entry by itself, failure to provide travel document when requested by border guard subject to criminal penalty.

Nicaragua

Fines and detention.

Administrative offense. “Irregular” entry or stay consists of entry through unauthorized place or other than place of official immigration control, entry using falsified or fraudulently obtained passports, stay following expiration of legal residence, or attempting to exit through unauthorized place. Fines apply to aliens not in possession of corresponding identity documents.

Nigeria

Fine, custodial sentence of 10 years, or both.

Niue

Imprisonment for up to two years and fine.

Penalties apply for failing to report immediately to immigration officer at designated immigration place and failing to apply for permit.

North Macedonia

Imprisonment of up to 1 year imposed on those who illegally enter while armed or by using violence.

Norway

Monetary fines, or up to six months or two years imprisonment, depending on crime.

Failure to enter at designated border crossing from non-Schengen country or residing in country without proper documentation subject to monetary fine or six months’ imprisonment. Reentering in violation of expulsion order punishable with monetary fine or imprisonment for up to two years. Persons seeking asylum exempt from penalties if asylum sought in timely manner.

Oman

Imprisonment for 3 months to 3 years, fine, or both; deportation.

Pakistan

Imprisonment for up to 10 years and fine.

Palau

Imprisonment up to 2 years, fine, or deportation.

Papua New Guinea

Imprisonment for up to six months or fine.

Paraguay

Imprisonment of 3 months to 2 years

Peru

Deportation.

Philippines

Deportation, imprisonment, and fine.

Poland

Imprisonment of up to 2 years or fine.

Stricter penalties for illegal entry committed in groups or by use of violence.

Portugal

Expulsion.

Qatar

Imprisonment not exceeding 3 years, fine, or both; deportation.

Romania

Imprisonment of 6 months to 3 years or fines.

Imprisonment of up to 5 years imposed on previously deported illegal entrants. Juveniles and victims of human trafficking exempt from prosecution.

Russia

Imprisonment or correctional labor of up to 2 years or fine.

Stricter punishment for those whose presence Russia forbids or for groups. Asylum seekers exempt from punishment.

Rwanda

Imprisonment for 30 days to 6 months, fine, or both; 1 to 3 years imprisonment, fine, or both for illegal reentry.

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Fine, imprisonment for up to 12 months, or both, and/or deportation.

Act determines “no person may enter ... except at a formal port of entry.” Illegal crossing by not cooperating with or willfully misleading immigration officer is punishable.

Saint Lucia

Fine, 6 months imprisonment, or both, and/or deportation.

Samoa

Fine, imprisonment, or both, depending on crime.

Fine only for entry other than in accordance with law or without entry permit; imprisonment for 12 months, fine, or both, for general offense of acting or attempting to act in contravention of, or failing to comply with, any provisions in law. Offenses dealt with summarily following person making an admission and submitting a request in writing penalized by lower fine.

Sao Tome and Principe

Expulsion.

Saudi Arabia

Detention until deportation.

Senegal

1 to 3 months imprisonment, fine, or both; 1 to 5 years imprisonment and fine for illegal reentry.

Serbia

Detention of up to 1 month or fine; enhanced penalty if aggravating circumstances.

Illegal crossing with weapons or use of force criminalized and punished by up to 1 year of imprisonment.

Seychelles

Fine and 3-year prison term.

Singapore

Imprisonment for up to 6 months and caning with not less than 3 strokes or fine.

Slovakia

Fine.

Varied administrative fines, processed by police.

Slovenia

Fine.

Solomon Islands

Daily fines after 21st day of unlawful presence.

Fine applies for presence as unlawful noncitizen, including noncitizen who enters without valid visa. No fine if person departs before end of twenty-first day of unlawful presence.

South Africa

Fine or custodial sentence not exceeding 2 years.

South Korea

Imprisonment for not more than 5 years or fine, and deportation.

Offenders exempt from penalty if they claim they are refugees who came directly from concerned territories without delay before immigration officer and other conditions met.

Spain

Fine.

Sri Lanka

Imprisonment for 1 to 5 years and fine.

Sudan

Detention or house arrest until deportation.

Sweden

Monetary fines, or up to six months or one year of imprisonment, depending on crime.

Illegal entry from outside Schengen Area punishable with monetary fines or imprisonment of up to one year. Being present in Sweden without proper documentation subject to monetary fine. Reentering Sweden in violation of deportation order punishable with imprisonment of up to one year, or monetary fines if act is considered “crime in the lesser degree” (ringa brott). Penalties do not apply to persons who timely seek asylum.

Switzerland

Imprisonment of up to one year or fine.

If immediately deported, prosecution, committal to court, or imposition of penalties may be dispensed with for foreign nationals who unlawfully entered or left country.

Taiwan

Imprisonment for up to 3 years, detention, and/or fine. Any alien sentenced to imprisonment may be deported.

Tajikistan

Imprisonment from 2 to 5 years or fine.

Asylum seekers exempt from punishment.

Tanzania

Fine, custodial sentence, or both. Recidivism subject to higher fine, longer custodial sentence, or both.

Thailand

Imprisonment not exceeding 2 years, fine, and deportation.

Togo

6 months to 2 years imprisonment for illegal reentry.

Tonga

Imprisonment for up to two years, fine, or both, plus removal. Same penalties but up to three years’ imprisonment if previously removed.

Trinidad and Tobago

Fine and imprisonment for 3 years for first offense; double fine and 5 years’ imprisonment for subsequent offenses.

Tunisia

Imprisonment and fine; deportation.

Turkey

Administrative fine, deportation with or without detention.

Persons not dangerous or a flight risk may be asked to self-deport within max 30 days. Deportation prohibited if person has been recognized as person under international protection or has applied for protection.

Turkmenistan

Correctional labor of up to 2 years or imprisonment of up to 2 years.

Asylum seekers exempt from punishment.

Turks and Caicos Islands

Fine, imprisonment for 2 years, or both.

Tuvalu

Imprisonment for six months and fine.

Uganda

Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 3 years, or both.

Ukraine

Imprisonment of up to 3 years.

Criminally prosecuted only if illegal entry committed to damage state’s interests or by individuals banned by courts from entering.

United Arab Emirates

Imprisonment and deportation.

United Kingdom

Fine, 6 months imprisonment, or both, and deportation.

"Illegal entry" includes entry in breach of deportation order or without leave. May be dealt with as administrative action only, resulting in deportation or removal.

United States

Deportation.

Uzbekistan

Imprisonment from 3 to 5 years or fine.

Vanuatu

Imprisonment for up to two years, fine, or both.

Penalties for failing to comply with requirement to enter at appointed port or airport, or entering/attempting to enter without valid visa. Person served with penalty notice who pays amount specified on the notice within 30 days not liable to further proceedings.

Venezuela

Deportation.

Vietnam

Fine and deportation.

Administrative offense.

Zambia

Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 2 years, or both.

Zimbabwe

Fine, custodial sentence not exceeding 1 year, or both.