Voting
Electronic Voting by Country 2025
Electronic Voting in Use
Yes
No
Electronic Voting in Use
35 countries
142 countries
Country | Electronic Voting in Use↓ | Current Usage Status of E-Voting in General | Data Year | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 | India | Yes | Not applicable | 2019 |
 | United States | Yes | Not applicable | 2018 |
 | Brazil | Yes | Not applicable | 2022 |
 | Bangladesh | Yes | Not applicable | 2018 |
 | Russia | Yes | Not applicable | 2021 |
 | Mexico | Yes | Not applicable | 2021 |
 | Philippines | Yes | Not applicable | 2022 |
 | DR Congo | Yes | Not applicable | 2018 |
 | Iran | Yes | Not applicable | 2021 |
 | France | Yes | Not applicable | 2022 |
 | South Korea | Yes | Not applicable | 2022 |
 | Iraq | Yes | Not applicable | 2018 |
 | Argentina | Yes | Not applicable | 2021 |
 | Canada | Yes | Not applicable | 2019 |
 | Peru | Yes | Not applicable | 2020 |
 | Venezuela | Yes | Not applicable | 2017 |
 | Australia | Yes | Not applicable | 2022 |
 | Ecuador | Yes | Not applicable | 2021 |
 | Belgium | Yes | Not applicable | 2019 |
 | Dominican Republic | Yes | Not applicable | 2017 |
 | United Arab Emirates | Yes | Not applicable | 2019 |
 | Switzerland | Yes | Not applicable | 2023 |
 | Kyrgyzstan | Yes | Not applicable | 2020 |
 | Paraguay | Yes | Not applicable | 2021 |
 | Bulgaria | Yes | Not applicable | 2023 |
 | El Salvador | Yes | Not applicable | 2024 |
 | Oman | Yes | Not applicable | 2023 |
 | New Zealand | Yes | Not applicable | 2020 |
 | Panama | Yes | Not applicable | 2019 |
 | Mongolia | Yes | Not applicable | 2020 |
 | Armenia | Yes | Not applicable | 2021 |
 | Albania | Yes | Not applicable | 2021 |
 | Estonia | Yes | Not applicable | 2021 |
 | Fiji | Yes | Not used in general elections, but has recently been introduced in Trade Union and student body elections | 2018 |
 | Bhutan | Yes | Not applicable | 2018 |
 | Indonesia | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2019 |
 | Pakistan | No | Previously used but now abandoned | 2024 |
 | Nigeria | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2023 |
 | Ethiopia | No | Never used | 2021 |
 | Japan | No | Previously used but now abandoned | 2018 |
 | Egypt | No | Never used | 2018 |
 | Vietnam | No | Never used | 2021 |
 | Turkey | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2018 |
 | Germany | No | Previously used but now abandoned | 2021 |
 | Thailand | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Tanzania | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | United Kingdom | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2018 |
 | South Africa | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2019 |
 | Italy | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2022 |
 | Kenya | No | Never used | 2022 |
 | Myanmar | No | Never used | 2015 |
 | Colombia | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2022 |
 | Sudan | No | Never used | 2014 |
 | Uganda | No | Never used | 2021 |
 | Spain | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2019 |
 | Algeria | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2021 |
 | Afghanistan | No | Never used | 2018 |
 | Yemen | No | Never used | 2014 |
 | Angola | No | Not applicable | 2022 |
 | Ukraine | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2019 |
 | Morocco | No | Never used | 2021 |
 | Poland | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Uzbekistan | No | Never used | 2021 |
 | Malaysia | No | Never used | 2022 |
 | Mozambique | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Ghana | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Madagascar | No | Never used | 2018 |
 | Ivory Coast | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Cameroon | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Nepal | No | Previously used but now abandoned | 2018 |
 | Niger | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Syria | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Mali | No | Never used | 2018 |
 | Burkina Faso | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Sri Lanka | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2019 |
 | Taiwan | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Malawi | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Zambia | No | Not applicable | 2021 |
 | Chad | No | Not applicable | 2021 |
 | Kazakhstan | No | Previously used but now abandoned | 2021 |
 | Chile | No | Never used | 2021 |
 | Senegal | No | Never used | 2022 |
 | Romania | No | Previously used but now abandoned | 2019 |
 | Guatemala | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Netherlands | No | Previously used but now abandoned | 2021 |
 | Cambodia | No | Never used | 2015 |
 | Zimbabwe | No | Never used | 2023 |
 | Guinea | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Benin | No | Never used | 2021 |
 | Rwanda | No | Never used | 2018 |
 | Burundi | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Bolivia | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2019 |
 | Tunisia | No | Never used | 2022 |
 | South Sudan | No | Never used | 2014 |
 | Haiti | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2017 |
 | Jordan | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Honduras | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2021 |
 | Cuba | No | Never used | 2023 |
 | Tajikistan | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Papua New Guinea | No | Never used | 2022 |
 | Sweden | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2022 |
 | Czechia | No | Never used | 2021 |
 | Portugal | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2022 |
 | Azerbaijan | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Greece | No | Never used | 2023 |
 | Togo | No | Never used | 2018 |
 | Hungary | No | Never used | 2022 |
 | Israel | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Austria | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2019 |
 | Belarus | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Sierra Leone | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2018 |
 | Laos | No | Never used | 2016 |
 | Turkmenistan | No | Never used | 2018 |
 | Libya | No | Never used | 2014 |
 | Hong Kong | No | A civil referendum (unofficial) is conducted with electronic/online voting | 2021 |
 | Nicaragua | No | Never used | 2021 |
 | Serbia | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Republic of the Congo | No | Never used | 2021 |
 | Denmark | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2022 |
 | Singapore | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Lebanon | No | Never used | 2022 |
 | Liberia | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Finland | No | Previously used but now abandoned | 2023 |
 | Norway | No | Previously used but now abandoned | 2021 |
 | Palestine | No | Never used | 2016 |
 | Central African Republic | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Slovakia | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Mauritania | No | Never used | 2023 |
 | Ireland | No | Previously used but now abandoned | 2020 |
 | Costa Rica | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2022 |
 | Kuwait | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2022 |
 | Croatia | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Georgia | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Eritrea | No | Never used | 2014 |
 | Uruguay | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2017 |
 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | No | Never used | 2018 |
 | Namibia | No | Not applicable | 2024 |
 | Moldova | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2019 |
 | Jamaica | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Lithuania | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2019 |
 | Gambia | No | Never used | 2021 |
 | Gabon | No | Never used | 2017 |
 | Botswana | No | Never used | 2014 |
 | Lesotho | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Slovenia | No | Never used | 2022 |
 | Equatorial Guinea | No | Never used | 2014 |
 | Latvia | No | Never used | 2022 |
 | North Macedonia | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Bahrain | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2022 |
 | Trinidad and Tobago | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Timor-Leste | No | Not applicable | 2022 |
 | Cyprus | No | Never used | 2021 |
 | Mauritius | No | Never used | 2014 |
 | Eswatini | No | Never used | 2014 |
 | Djibouti | No | Not applicable | 2021 |
 | Comoros | No | Not applicable | 2020 |
 | Solomon Islands | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Luxembourg | No | Never used | 2018 |
 | Montenegro | No | Never used | 2023 |
 | Malta | No | Never used | 2022 |
 | Maldives | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Belize | No | Never used | 2018 |
 | Iceland | No | Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway | 2020 |
 | Vanuatu | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Samoa | No | Never used | 2021 |
 | Kiribati | No | Never used | 2016 |
 | Seychelles | No | Never used | 2020 |
 | Micronesia | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Tonga | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Andorra | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Liechtenstein | No | Though the law provides for the possibility of electronic voting, feasibility studies and tests have yet to be carried out | 2021 |
 | San Marino | No | Never used | 2018 |
 | Palau | No | Never used | 2017 |
 | Cook Islands | No | Never used | 2022 |
 | Nauru | No | Never used | 2022 |
 | Tuvalu | No | Never used | 2019 |
 | Niue | No | Never used | 2020 |
- Data current as of January 2025. Election rules can change at any time
- EMB = Electoral Management Body, a general term used to describe the organizations in charge of conducting, and in many countries organizing, elections
- Examples of “other” elections include non-binding referendums and the election of trade union leaders
- DRE w VVPAT = Direct recording electronic voting machines with voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT)
- DRE = Direct recording electronic voting machines with or without voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT)
- EBP = Electronic Ballot Printer
- IVS = Internet Voting Systems
- OCR = Optical Character Recognition
- OMR = Optical Mark Recognition
- SMS = Vote-by-Text-Message systems
Electronic voting, also known as e-voting, is a collective term for any technology that assists in casting or counting ballots. These include direct recording electronic (DRE) voting machines, which may or may not use a voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) to verify votes. Additional electronic voting technologies include an electronic ballot printer (EBP), internet voting system (IVS), optical character recognition (OCR) and vote-by-text-message (SMS) systems.
Countries may use electronic voting, for national elections, sub-national elections, or other types of elections like non-binding referendums and trade union elections. In addition to casting and counting ballots, the election may also be controlled electronically. Furthermore, only certain types of voters may be allowed to vote electronically.
The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) has published the following information on countries that allow some degree of electronic voting as of July 2023:
Country | Election Types | Technology | Control Status | Voter Types
India - National and sub-national elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters
United States - National and sub-national elections | DRE, OCR, OMR | Controlled | Varies by state, but extensive options
Pakistan - National elections | IVS | Controlled | Voters from abroad
Brazil - National elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters
Bangladesh - National elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | Certain constituencies
Mexico - Sub-national elections | DRE w VVPAT, IVS | Both | Certain constituencies
Philippines - National and sub-national elections | OCR or OMR | Controlled | All voters
France - National and other elections | DRE w VVPAT, IVS | Both | Voters from abroad or in certain constituencies
Argentina - National and sub-national elections | EBP | Controlled | Certain constituencies
Iraq - National elections | OCR or OMR | Controlled | All voters
Canada - Sub-national elections | IVS, OCR or OMR | Both | Certain constituencies
Peru - National and sub-national elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | Certain constituencies
Venezuela - National elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters
Australia - Sub-national elections | IVS | Uncontrolled | Certain constituencies
Ecuador - National and sub-national elections | EBP, IVS | Both | Certain constituencies
Belgium - National and sub-national elections | EBP | Controlled | Certain constituencies
Dominican Republic - National elections | OCR or OMR | Controlled | All voters
United Arab Emirates - National elections | IVS | Controlled | All voters
Paraguay - Sub-national elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters
Kyrgyzstan - National elections | OCR or OMR | Controlled | All voters
Bulgaria - National and sub-national elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters
New Zealand - National elections | IVS | Uncontrolled | Voters from abroad
Oman - National elections | DRE w VVPAT, IVS | Controlled | All voters
Panama - National, sub-national, and other elections DRE w VVPAT, IVS Both Certain constituencies
Mongolia - National and sub-national elections | OCR or OMR, SMS | Both | All voters
Albania - National elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | Certain constituencies
Armenia - National elections | IVS | Uncontrolled | Voters from abroad and military voters
Namibia - National elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters
Estonia - National and sub-national elections | IVS | Uncontrolled | All voters
Fiji - Other (trade unions and student body elections) | DRE w VVPAT, EBP | Controlled | Registered members of Trade Union or student body electoral roll
Bhutan - National and sub-national elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters
Sources
- If e-voting is NOT currently being used, what is the current status of e-voting in general? - IDEA
- Is e-voting currently used in any elections with EMB participation? - IDEA
- If e-voting is currently being used, what type(s) of technology used? - IDEA
- If e-voting is currently being used, is it taking place in controlled or uncontrolled environment? - IDEA
- If e-voting is currently being used, is it available for all voters or only some groups of voters? - IDEA
