Electronic Voting by Country 2025

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Electronic Voting in Use

Yes

No

Electronic Voting in Use

142
35
Country
Electronic Voting in Use↑
Current Usage Status of E-Voting in General
Data Year
Indonesia Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2019
Pakistan Previously used but now abandoned2024
Nigeria Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2023
Ethiopia Never used2021
Japan Previously used but now abandoned2018
Egypt Never used2018
Vietnam Never used2021
Turkey Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2018
Germany Previously used but now abandoned2021
Thailand Never used2019
Tanzania Never used2020
United Kingdom Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2018
South Africa Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2019
Italy Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2022
Kenya Never used2022
Myanmar Never used2015
Colombia Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2022
Sudan Never used2014
Uganda Never used2021
Spain Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2019
Algeria Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2021
Afghanistan Never used2018
Yemen Never used2014
Angola Not applicable2022
Ukraine Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2019
Morocco Never used2021
Poland Never used2019
Uzbekistan Never used2021
Malaysia Never used2022
Mozambique Never used2019
Ghana Never used2020
Madagascar Never used2018
Ivory Coast Never used2020
Cameroon Never used2020
Nepal Previously used but now abandoned2018
Niger Never used2020
Syria Never used2020
Mali Never used2018
Burkina Faso Never used2020
Sri Lanka Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2019
Taiwan Never used2020
Malawi Never used2019
Zambia Not applicable2021
Chad Not applicable2021
Kazakhstan Previously used but now abandoned2021
Chile Never used2021
Senegal Never used2022
Romania Previously used but now abandoned2019
Guatemala Never used2019
Netherlands Previously used but now abandoned2021
Cambodia Never used2015
Zimbabwe Never used2023
Guinea Never used2020
Benin Never used2021
Rwanda Never used2018
Burundi Never used2020
Bolivia Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2019
Tunisia Never used2022
South Sudan Never used2014
Haiti Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2017
Jordan Never used2020
Honduras Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2021
Cuba Never used2023
Tajikistan Never used2020
Papua New Guinea Never used2022
Sweden Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2022
Czech Republic Never used2021
Portugal Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2022
Azerbaijan Never used2020
Greece Never used2023
Togo Never used2018
Hungary Never used2022
Israel Never used2019
Austria Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2019
Belarus Never used2020
Sierra Leone Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2018
Laos Never used2016
Turkmenistan Never used2018
Libya Never used2014
Hong Kong A civil referendum (unofficial) is conducted with electronic/online voting2021
Nicaragua Never used2021
Serbia Never used2020
Republic of the Congo Never used2021
Denmark Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2022
Singapore Never used2020
Lebanon Never used2022
Liberia Never used2019
Finland Previously used but now abandoned2023
Norway Previously used but now abandoned2021
Palestine Never used2016
Central African Republic Never used2020
Slovakia Never used2020
Mauritania Never used2023
Ireland Previously used but now abandoned2020
Costa Rica Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2022
Kuwait Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2022
Croatia Never used2020
Georgia Never used2020
Eritrea Never used2014
Uruguay Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2017
Bosnia and Herzegovina Never used2018
Namibia Not applicable2024
Moldova Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2019
Jamaica Never used2020
Lithuania Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2019
Gambia Never used2021
Gabon Never used2017
Botswana Never used2014
Lesotho Never used2019
Slovenia Never used2022
Equatorial Guinea Never used2014
Latvia Never used2022
North Macedonia Never used2019
Bahrain Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2022
Trinidad and Tobago Never used2020
Timor-Leste Not applicable2022
Cyprus Never used2021
Mauritius Never used2014
Eswatini Never used2014
Djibouti Not applicable2021
Comoros Not applicable2020
Solomon Islands Never used2019
Luxembourg Never used2018
Montenegro Never used2023
Malta Never used2022
Maldives Never used2019
Belize Never used2018
Iceland Not yet used but feasibility studies and/or tests are underway2020
Vanuatu Never used2020
Samoa Never used2021
Kiribati Never used2016
Seychelles Never used2020
Micronesia Never used2019
Tonga Never used2019
Andorra Never used2019
Liechtenstein Though the law provides for the possibility of electronic voting, feasibility studies and tests have yet to be carried out2021
San Marino Never used2018
Palau Never used2017
Cook Islands Never used2022
Nauru Never used2022
Tuvalu Never used2019
Niue Never used2020
India Not applicable2019
United States Not applicable2018
Brazil Not applicable2022
Bangladesh Not applicable2018
Russia Not applicable2021
Mexico Not applicable2021
Philippines Not applicable2022
DR Congo Not applicable2018
Iran Not applicable2021
France Not applicable2022
South Korea Not applicable2022
Iraq Not applicable2018
Argentina Not applicable2021
Canada Not applicable2019
Peru Not applicable2020
Venezuela Not applicable2017
Australia Not applicable2022
Ecuador Not applicable2021
Belgium Not applicable2019
Dominican Republic Not applicable2017
United Arab Emirates Not applicable2019
Switzerland Not applicable2023
Kyrgyzstan Not applicable2020
Paraguay Not applicable2021
Bulgaria Not applicable2023
El Salvador Not applicable2024
Oman Not applicable2023
New Zealand Not applicable2020
Panama Not applicable2019
Mongolia Not applicable2020
Armenia Not applicable2021
Albania Not applicable2021
Estonia Not applicable2021
Fiji Not used in general elections, but has recently been introduced in Trade Union and student body elections2018
Bhutan Not applicable2018
  • Data current as of January 2025. Election rules can change at any time
  • EMB = Electoral Management Body, a general term used to describe the organizations in charge of conducting, and in many countries organizing, elections
  • Examples of “other” elections include non-binding referendums and the election of trade union leaders
  • DRE w VVPAT = Direct recording electronic voting machines with voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT)
  • DRE = Direct recording electronic voting machines with or without voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT)
  • EBP = Electronic Ballot Printer
  • IVS = Internet Voting Systems
  • OCR = Optical Character Recognition
  • OMR = Optical Mark Recognition
  • SMS = Vote-by-Text-Message systems

Electronic voting, also known as e-voting, is a collective term for any technology that assists in casting or counting ballots. These include direct recording electronic (DRE) voting machines, which may or may not use a voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) to verify votes. Additional electronic voting technologies include an electronic ballot printer (EBP), internet voting system (IVS), optical character recognition (OCR) and vote-by-text-message (SMS) systems.

Countries may use electronic voting, for national elections, sub-national elections, or other types of elections like non-binding referendums and trade union elections. In addition to casting and counting ballots, the election may also be controlled electronically. Furthermore, only certain types of voters may be allowed to vote electronically.

The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) has published the following information on countries that allow some degree of electronic voting as of July 2023:

Country | Election Types | Technology | Control Status | Voter Types

India - National and sub-national elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters

United States - National and sub-national elections | DRE, OCR, OMR | Controlled | Varies by state, but extensive options

Pakistan - National elections | IVS | Controlled | Voters from abroad

Brazil - National elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters

Bangladesh - National elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | Certain constituencies

Mexico - Sub-national elections | DRE w VVPAT, IVS | Both | Certain constituencies

Philippines - National and sub-national elections | OCR or OMR | Controlled | All voters

France - National and other elections | DRE w VVPAT, IVS | Both | Voters from abroad or in certain constituencies

Argentina - National and sub-national elections | EBP | Controlled | Certain constituencies

Iraq - National elections | OCR or OMR | Controlled | All voters

Canada - Sub-national elections | IVS, OCR or OMR | Both | Certain constituencies

Peru - National and sub-national elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | Certain constituencies

Venezuela - National elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters

Australia - Sub-national elections | IVS | Uncontrolled | Certain constituencies

Ecuador - National and sub-national elections | EBP, IVS | Both | Certain constituencies

Belgium - National and sub-national elections | EBP | Controlled | Certain constituencies

Dominican Republic - National elections | OCR or OMR | Controlled | All voters

United Arab Emirates - National elections | IVS | Controlled | All voters

Paraguay - Sub-national elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters

Kyrgyzstan - National elections | OCR or OMR | Controlled | All voters

Bulgaria - National and sub-national elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters

New Zealand - National elections | IVS | Uncontrolled | Voters from abroad

Oman - National elections | DRE w VVPAT, IVS | Controlled | All voters

Panama - National, sub-national, and other elections DRE w VVPAT, IVS Both Certain constituencies

Mongolia - National and sub-national elections | OCR or OMR, SMS | Both | All voters

Albania - National elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | Certain constituencies

Armenia - National elections | IVS | Uncontrolled | Voters from abroad and military voters

Namibia - National elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters

Estonia - National and sub-national elections | IVS | Uncontrolled | All voters

Fiji - Other (trade unions and student body elections) | DRE w VVPAT, EBP | Controlled | Registered members of Trade Union or student body electoral roll

Bhutan - National and sub-national elections | DRE w VVPAT | Controlled | All voters