Electoral System
In transition
Mixed
Not applicable
Other
Plurality/Majority
Plurality/Majority and PR
Proportional
Electoral Systems by Country 2024
There are many electoral systems used worldwide. Here is a summary explanation of the various types of electoral systems in alphabetical order.
Approval Voting
Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a multiple-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a single winner or multi-winner.
Borda Count
Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian/semi-proportional based on candidates, using a ranked-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a single winner or multi-winner.
Condorcet Method
Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a ranked-choice ballot that uses a majority against every candidate rule to determine a single winner.
Cumulative Voting
Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian/semi-proportional based on candidates, using a cumulative ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a single winner or multi-winner.
Dual Member Proportional
Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional/proportional based on a list or candidates, using a single-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a multi-winner.
Exhaustive Ballot
Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a single-choice ballot that uses a majority rule to determine a single winner or multi-winner.
First-Past-The-Post (FPTP)
Under this two-round system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a single-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a single winner.
Instant-Runoff Voting
Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a ranked-choice ballot that uses a majority rule to determine a single winner.
Limited Voting
Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional based on candidates, using a multiple-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a multi-winner.
Multiple Transferable Vote
Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a ranked-choice ballot that uses a majority rule to determine a multi-winner.
Party-Block Voting
Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on a list, using a single-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a multi-winner.
Party-List Proportional Representation (list-PR)
Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional/proportional based on a list or open list of candidates, using a single-choice ballot that uses a quota or divisor method to determine a multi-winner.
Plurality Block Voting
Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a multiple-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a multi-winner.
Score Voting
Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian/semi-proportional based on candidates, using a score ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a single winner or multi-winner.
Seat-Linkage Compensatory Combination of FPTP + List-PR
Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional/proportional based on candidates + list, using a single-choice ballot that uses a mixed compensatory rule to determine a multi-winner (single winner in districts).
Single Non-Transferable Vote
Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional based on candidates, using a single-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a multi-winner.
Single Transferable Vote
Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional/proportional based on candidates, using a ranked-choice ballot that uses a quota rule to determine a multi-winner.
Superposition - Non-Compensatory Combo of FPTP + List-PR
Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional based on candidates + list using a single-choice ballot that uses a mixed non-compensatory rule to determine a multi-winner (single winner in districts).
Two-Round Block Voting
Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a multiple-choice ballot that uses a majority rule to determine a multi-winner.
Two-Round System
Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a single-choice ballot that uses a majority rule to determine a single winner.
Positive Vote Transfer System
Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional/proportional based on candidates + list, using a single-choice ballot that uses a mixed compensatory rule to determine a multi-winner (single winner in districts).
- According to the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), most electoral systems fall into one of three categories:plurality/majority systems, proportional systems (PR), and mixed systems.
Country | Electoral System |
|---|---|
| Afghanistan | Other |
| Albania | Proportional |
| Algeria | Proportional |
| Andorra | Mixed |
| Angola | Proportional |
| Anguilla | Plurality/Majority |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Plurality/Majority |
| Argentina | Proportional |
| Armenia | Proportional |
| Aruba | Proportional |
| Australia | Plurality/Majority |
| Austria | Proportional |
| Azerbaijan | Plurality/Majority |
| Bahamas | Plurality/Majority |
| Bahrain | Plurality/Majority |
| Bangladesh | Plurality/Majority |
| Barbados | Plurality/Majority |
| Belarus | Plurality/Majority |
| Belgium | Proportional |
| Belize | Plurality/Majority |
| Benin | Proportional |
| Bermuda | Plurality/Majority |
| Bhutan | Plurality/Majority |
| Bolivia | Mixed |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Proportional |
| Botswana | Plurality/Majority |
| Brazil | Proportional |
| British Virgin Islands | Plurality/Majority |
| Brunei | Not applicable |
| Bulgaria | Proportional |
| Burkina Faso | Proportional |
| Burundi | Proportional |
| Cambodia | Proportional |
| Cameroon | Plurality/Majority |
| Canada | Plurality/Majority |
| Cape Verde | Proportional |
| Cayman Islands | Plurality/Majority |
| Central African Republic | Plurality/Majority |
| Chad | Plurality/Majority |
| Chile | Proportional |
| China | Not applicable |
| Colombia | Proportional |
| Comoros | Plurality/Majority |
| Cook Islands | Plurality/Majority |
| Costa Rica | Proportional |
| Croatia | Proportional |
| Cuba | Plurality/Majority |
| Cyprus | Proportional |
| Czech Republic | Proportional |
| Denmark | Proportional |
| Djibouti | Mixed |
| Dominica | Plurality/Majority |
| Dominican Republic | Proportional |
| DR Congo | Plurality/Majority and PR |
| Ecuador | Proportional |
| Egypt | Plurality/Majority |
| El Salvador | Proportional |
| Equatorial Guinea | Proportional |
| Eritrea | Not applicable |
| Estonia | Proportional |
| Eswatini | Plurality/Majority |
| Ethiopia | Plurality/Majority |
| Falkland Islands | Plurality/Majority |
| Fiji | Proportional |
| Finland | Proportional |
| France | Plurality/Majority |
| Gabon | Plurality/Majority |
| Gambia | Plurality/Majority |
| Georgia | Mixed |
| Germany | Mixed |
| Ghana | Plurality/Majority |
| Gibraltar | Other |
| Greece | Proportional |
| Greenland | Proportional |
| Grenada | Plurality/Majority |
| Guatemala | Proportional |
| Guernsey | Plurality/Majority |
| Guinea | Mixed |
| Guinea Bissau | Proportional |
| Guyana | Proportional |
| Haiti | Plurality/Majority |
| Honduras | Proportional |
| Hungary | Mixed |
| Iceland | Proportional |
| India | Plurality/Majority |
| Indonesia | Proportional |
| Iran | Plurality/Majority |
| Iraq | Plurality/Majority |
| Ireland | Proportional |
| Isle of Man | Plurality/Majority |
| Israel | Proportional |
| Italy | Mixed |
| Ivory Coast | Plurality/Majority |
| Jamaica | Plurality/Majority |
| Japan | Mixed |
| Jersey | Plurality/Majority |
| Jordan | Proportional |
| Kazakhstan | Mixed |
| Kenya | Plurality/Majority |
| Kiribati | Plurality/Majority |
| Kuwait | Other |
| Kyrgyzstan | Mixed |
| Laos | Plurality/Majority |
| Latvia | Proportional |
| Lebanon | Proportional |
| Lesotho | Mixed |
| Liberia | Plurality/Majority |
| Libya | Mixed |
| Liechtenstein | Proportional |
| Lithuania | Mixed |
| Luxembourg | Proportional |
| Madagascar | Plurality/Majority and PR |
| Malawi | Plurality/Majority |
| Malaysia | Plurality/Majority |
| Maldives | Plurality/Majority |
| Mali | Plurality/Majority |
| Malta | Proportional |
| Marshall Islands | Plurality/Majority |
| Mauritania | Mixed |
| Mauritius | Plurality/Majority |
| Mexico | Mixed |
| Micronesia | Plurality/Majority |
| Moldova | Proportional |
| Monaco | Mixed |
| Mongolia | Plurality/Majority |
| Montenegro | Proportional |
| Montserrat | Plurality/Majority |
| Morocco | Proportional |
| Mozambique | Proportional |
| Myanmar | Plurality/Majority |
| Namibia | Proportional |
| Nauru | Other |
| Nepal | Mixed |
| Netherlands | Proportional |
| New Zealand | Mixed |
| Nicaragua | Proportional |
| Niger | Proportional |
| Nigeria | Plurality/Majority |
| Niue | Plurality/Majority |
| North Korea | Plurality/Majority |
| North Macedonia | Proportional |
| Norway | Proportional |
| Oman | Plurality/Majority |
| Pakistan | Mixed |
| Palau | Plurality/Majority |
| Palestine | Mixed |
| Panama | Proportional |
| Papua New Guinea | Plurality/Majority |
| Paraguay | Proportional |
| Peru | Proportional |
| Philippines | Mixed |
| Poland | Proportional |
| Portugal | Proportional |
| Qatar | Plurality/Majority |
| Republic of the Congo | Plurality/Majority |
| Romania | Proportional |
| Russia | Mixed |
| Rwanda | Proportional |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | Plurality/Majority |
| Saint Lucia | Plurality/Majority |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Plurality/Majority |
| Samoa | Plurality/Majority |
| San Marino | Proportional |
| Sao Tome and Principe | Proportional |
| Saudi Arabia | Not applicable |
| Senegal | Mixed |
| Serbia | Proportional |
| Seychelles | Mixed |
| Sierra Leone | Plurality/Majority |
| Singapore | Plurality/Majority |
| Slovakia | Proportional |
| Slovenia | Proportional |
| Solomon Islands | Plurality/Majority |
| Somalia | Not applicable |
| South Africa | Proportional |
| South Korea | Mixed |
| South Sudan | In transition |
| Spain | Proportional |
| Sri Lanka | Proportional |
| Sudan | Mixed |
| Suriname | Proportional |
| Sweden | Proportional |
| Switzerland | Proportional |
| Syria | Plurality/Majority |
| Taiwan | Mixed |
| Tajikistan | Mixed |
| Tanzania | Plurality/Majority |
| Thailand | Mixed |
| Timor Leste | Proportional |
| Togo | Proportional |
| Tokelau | Plurality/Majority |
| Tonga | Plurality/Majority |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Plurality/Majority |
| Tunisia | Plurality/Majority |
| Turkey | Proportional |
| Turkmenistan | Plurality/Majority |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | Plurality/Majority |
| Tuvalu | Plurality/Majority |
| Uganda | Plurality/Majority |
| Ukraine | Mixed |
| United Arab Emirates | Not applicable |
| United Kingdom | Plurality/Majority |
| United States | Plurality/Majority |
| Uruguay | Proportional |
| Uzbekistan | Plurality/Majority |
| Vanuatu | Other |
| Vatican City | Not applicable |
| Venezuela | Mixed |
| Vietnam | Plurality/Majority |
| Yemen | Plurality/Majority |
| Zambia | Plurality/Majority |
| Zimbabwe | Mixed |
Country | Office | Electoral System | Specifics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | Head of State | Election by unelected body | Elected by the Leadership Council through consensus |
| Albania | Head of State | Indirect | Elected by the Parliament via a secret vote |
| Albania | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists, D'Hondt method |
| Algeria | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Algeria | Lower Chamber of Legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists, Largest remainder method (Hare quota) |
| Algeria | Upper Chamber of Legislature | Indirect | 2/3 indirect election, 1/3 appointed by president |
| Andorra | Heads of State | No election | President of France (elected directly in France) and the Bishop of Urgell (appointed by the Holy See) |
| Andorra | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: party block voting (local) + list PR (nationwide) |
| Angola | Head of State and Government | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) between the top candidates on party lists for National Assembly elections |
| Angola | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Closed lists, D'Hondt method |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Upper chamber of legislature | No election | Appointed by the Governor-General |
| Argentina | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Modified Two-round system |
| Argentina | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Closed lists, D'Hondt method |
| Argentina | Upper chamber of legislature | Semi-proportional | Limited voting with party-lists: 2 seats to most voted party or coalition in each province, 1 seat to second most voted party or coalition (limited vote with closed lists) |
| Armenia | Head of State | Single winner | Since 2018, the President is elected by members of parliament. |
| Armenia | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR / optional runoff with majority jackpot or minority jackpot: Largest remainder. Nationwide Closed list and an Open list in each of 13 election districts. |
| Australia | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Australia | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Instant runoff voting (IRV) |
| Australia | Upper chamber of legislature | Proportional | Single transferable vote (STV) |
| Austria | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Austria | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) at district and regional levels, D'Hondt method for remaining votes at national level |
| Austria | Upper chamber of legislature | Indirect | Proportional to the distribution of seats in the state parliaments (indirect Party list PR) |
| Azerbaijan | Head of State | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Azerbaijan | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Bahamas | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Bahamas | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Bahamas | Upper chamber of legislature | No election | Appointed by the Governor-General |
| Bahrain | Head of State and Government | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Bahrain | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Bahrain | Upper chamber of legislature | No election | Appointed by the King |
| Bangladesh | Head of State | Indirect | Elected by the Parliament |
| Bangladesh | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Barbados | Head of State | Indirect | Elected by the Parliament |
| Barbados | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Barbados | Upper chamber of legislature | No election | Appointed by the President |
| Belarus | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system |
| Belarus | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Belarus | Upper chamber of legislature | Indirect | Each oblast (six) and the city of Minsk (the national capital) are represented by eight members, and an additional eight members are appointed to the council via presidential quota |
| Belgium | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Belgium | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR (flexible lists): D'Hondt method |
| Belgium | Upper chamber of legislature | Indirect | 50 Senators elected by the community/regional parliaments10 Senators co-opted by the other senators |
| Belize | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Belize | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Belize | Upper chamber of legislature | No election | Appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister (6), the Leader of the Opposition (3), and other organisations (4) |
| Benin | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Benin | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Largest remainder (24 districts) |
| Bhutan | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Bhutan | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system (TRS) variant, only top two parties enter second round |
| Bhutan | Upper chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Bolivia | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Modified Two-round system (Double simultaneous) (winner with 50% of votes or 40% and a 10% lead over the second) |
| Bolivia | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | MMP: FPTP (70 seats) / Party-list proportional representation: Closed lists: D'Hondt method (60 seats) |
| Bolivia | Upper chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Heads of State | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Sainte-Laguë method |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Botswana | Head of State and Government | ||
| Botswana | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Brazil | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Brazil | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method |
| Brazil | Upper chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Plurality block voting (BV) and First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Brunei | Head of State and Government | ||
| Bulgaria | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Bulgaria | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method |
| Burkina Faso | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Burkina Faso | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) |
| Burundi | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Burundi | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Burundi | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Cambodia | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP + Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Cambodia | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Cameroon | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Cameroon | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Mixed-member majoritarian representationFirst-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member constituencies, in multi-member constituencies party with over 50% of vote gets all seats (party block voting), otherwise highest party gets half, rest distributed by largest remainder (Hare quota) |
| Cameroon | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Canada | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Canada | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Canada | Upper chamber of legislature | No election | Appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the Prime Minister |
| Cape Verde | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Cape Verde | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Central African Republic | Head of State and Government | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Central African Republic | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Central African Republic | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Chad | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Chad | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) party with over 50% of vote gets all seats in multi-member constituencies (party block voting), otherwise List PR (largest remainder, closed list) |
| Chile | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Chile | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method |
| Chile | Upper chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method |
| China | Head of State | Single winner | Indirect election by the National People's Congress |
| China | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Block approval voting: Direct election of local People's Congresses and indirect election of all higher levels of People's Congresses |
| Colombia | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Colombia | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Colombia | Upper chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Comoros | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Comoros | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Costa Rica | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Modified Two-round system (TRS): 40% of votes needed to win in first round |
| Costa Rica | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Largest remainder method |
| Croatia | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Croatia | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method, plus some reserved for minorities and Croatians living abroad |
| Cuba | Head of State and Government | ||
| Cuba | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system, Endorsement of selected candidates |
| Cyprus | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Cyprus | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists (Hare quota): Largest remainder (with remainder allocated at national level) |
| Czech Republic | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Czech Republic | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists (Imperiali quota and Hagenbach-Bischoff quota) |
| Czech Republic | Upper chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Denmark | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR MMP: D'Hondt method (135 constituency seats elected in districts varying from 1 to 23 seats each), Sainte-Laguë method (40 leveling seats) |
| Djibouti | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Djibouti | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Fusion / majority jackpot:80% of seats (rounded to the nearest integer) in each constituency are awarded to the party receiving the most votes (party block voting), remaining seats are allocated proportionally to other parties receiving over 10% (closed list, D'Hondt method) |
| Dominica | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Dominican Republic | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Dominican Republic | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Dominican Republic | Upper chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| DR Congo | Head of State | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| DR Congo | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | Mixed-member majoritarian representation:First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts and List PR in multi-member districts (Largest remainder) |
| DR Congo | Upper chamber of legislature | Indirect | Indirect election by provincial assemblies |
| Ecuador | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Ecuador | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Closed lists: Sainte-Laguë method |
| Egypt | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Egypt | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting[citation needed]: Two-round system (TRS) (448 seats) + Party list PR (120 seats) |
| El Salvador | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| El Salvador | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Equatorial Guinea | Head of State and Government | Single winner | FPTP |
| Equatorial Guinea | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list |
| Equatorial Guinea | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Eritrea | Head of State and Government | ||
| Eritrea | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Estonia | Head of State | Single winner | Elected by the parliament (Riigikogu) or by special electoral body |
| Estonia | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method (12 districts) |
| Eswatini | Head of State and Government | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Eswatini | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP), with 10 members appointed by the Ngwenyama |
| Eswatini | Upper chamber of legislature | Indirect | Partly appointed by the Ngwenyama (2/3), partly elected by the House of Assembly |
| Ethiopia | Head of State | Indirect | Elected by a 2/3 supermajority in the Federal Parliamentary Assembly |
| Ethiopia | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Ethiopia | Upper chamber of legislature | Indirect | Elected by regional councils |
| Fiji | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method |
| Finland | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Finland | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method (12 districts + 1 seat Åland FPTP) |
| France | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| France | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system (TRS) |
| France | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected indirectly by approximately 150,000 officials ("grands électeurs"), including regional councilors, department councilors, mayors, city councilors in large towns, and members of the National Assembly | |
| Gabon | Head of State and Government | Single winner | FPTP |
| Gabon | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Gabon | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Gambia | Head of State and Government | Single winner | FPTP |
| Gambia | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Georgia | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Georgia | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): Two-round system (TRS) + Party-list PR (closed list) |
| Germany | Head of State | Single winner | Federal Convention Half the member are the Bundestag, the other half is appointed by state legislatures |
| Germany | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | MMP: Sainte-Laguë using regional fixed lists / FPTP |
| Germany | Upper chamber of legislature | appointed by the 16 State Governments respectively | |
| Ghana | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Ghana | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| Gibraltar | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Plurality block voting |
| Greece | Head of State | Single winner | Elected by the parliament |
| Greece | Unicameral legislature | Proportional (2023), semi-proportional (after 2023) | Party-list proportional representation: all 300 seats proportionally divided via several allocations (for 2023 elections) Majority bonus system (MBS): 250 seats proportionally divided via several allocations; between 20 and 50 bonus seats to the party placing first (after 2023 elections) |
| Grenada | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Grenada | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | FPTP |
| Grenada | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Guatemala | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Guatemala | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Guinea | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Guinea | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: 38 FPTP + 76 Party list PR (Hare quota) |
| Guinea-Bissau | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Guinea-Bissau | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list (closed lists) (27 districts) |
| Guyana | Head of State and Government | Single winner | FPTP (Double simultaneous) |
| Guyana | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Mixed member party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder (Hare quota) |
| Haiti | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Haiti | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system (TRS) | |
| Haiti | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Honduras | Head of State and Government | Single winner | FPTP |
| Honduras | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) |
| Hong Kong | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Parallel votingGeographical Constituencies by popular vote: single non-transferable vote Functional Constituencies and the Election Committee Constituency: FPTP and Bloc voting |
| Hungary | Head of State | Single winner | Elected by the National Assembly |
| Hungary | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Mixed-member majoritarian: 106 FPTP + 93 national list-PR (combination of partially compensatory system and mixed single vote) |
| Iceland | Head of State | Single winner | FPTP |
| Iceland | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| India | Head of State | elected by an electoral college | |
| India | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | FPTP |
| India | Upper chamber of legislature | not elected by direct vote of the people—elected by each state Vidhan Sabha using STV | |
| Indonesia | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Indonesia | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists: Webster/Sainte-Laguë method |
| Indonesia | Upper chamber of legislature | Semi-proportional | Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) |
| Iran | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Iran | Majoritarian | Two-round block voting (25% of votes in 1st round) | |
| Iran | Majoritarian | Block voting | |
| Iraq | Unicameral legislature | Semi-proportional | Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) |
| Ireland | Head of State | Single winner | Instant runoff voting (IRV) |
| Ireland | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Single transferable vote (STV) |
| Ireland | Upper chamber of legislature | Indirect election: – 11 nominated by the Taoiseach – 6 elected by the graduates of certain Irish universities: 3 by graduates of Dublin University 3 by graduates of the National University – 43 elected from five special panels of nominees (known as vocational panels) by an electorate consisting of TDs (member of Dáil Éireann), outgoing senators and members of city and county councils | |
| Israel | Head of State | Single winner | Elected by the Knesset |
| Israel | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method |
| Italy | Head of State | ||
| Italy | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: 232 FPTP seats + 398 (including citizens abroad) Party list PR seats (largest remainder and Hare quota), no panachage allowed in parallel voting |
| Italy | Upper chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: 116 FPTP seats + 199 (including citizens abroad) Party list PR seats (largest remainder and Hare quota), no panachage allowed in parallel voting |
| Ivory Coast | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Ivory Coast | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | FPTP |
| Ivory Coast | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Jamaica | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Jamaica | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | FPTP |
| Japan | Head of State | ||
| Japan | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP (295 seats) + Party list PR (Closed list) D'Hondt method (180 seats) |
| Japan | Upper chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: SNTV (73 seats) + Party list PR (Open list) D'Hondt method (96 seats) |
| Jordan | Head of State and Government | ||
| Jordan | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: each voter has one vote for one candidate in one subdistrict of his choice in the district he lives in (like SNTV), one winner per subdistrict (like FPTP) (108 seats in 45 districts including 12 seats reserved for minorities) + 15 seats reserved for women (best losers) + Party list PR (closed lists) (27 seats) |
| Jordan | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Kazakhstan | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Kazakhstan | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party-list |
| Kazakhstan | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Kenya | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two round vote |
| Kenya | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Plurality: 337 FPTP + 12 List proportional to seats won |
| Kenya | Upper chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Plurality: 47 FPTP + 20 List proportional to seats won |
| Kiribati | Head of State and Government | Single winner | FPTP |
| Kiribati | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Modified runoff |
| Kuwait | Head of State and Government | ||
| Kuwait | Unicameral legislature | Semi-proportional | Single non-transferable vote (1 vote for 10 seats) |
| Kyrgyzstan | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Kyrgyzstan | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (36 seats) + Party list PR (54 seats) |
| Laos | Head of State and Government | ||
| Laos | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Bloc voting |
| Latvia | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Sainte-Laguë method |
| Lebanon | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR (open list): D'Hondt method |
| Lesotho | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | MMP using mixed single vote: (40 party list seats / 80 FPTP seats) |
| Lesotho | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Liberia | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Liberia | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | FPTP |
| Liberia | Upper chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | FPTP |
| Liechtenstein | Head of State and Government | ||
| Liechtenstein | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) |
| Lithuania | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Lithuania | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: Two-round system (71 seats) + Party list PR (70 seats, Largest remainder) |
| Luxembourg | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR:Open lists:D'Hondt method |
| Macau | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Madagascar | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Madagascar | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Parallel voting: FPTP (87 seats) + Party list PR (Closed list, highest averages method; 64 seats) |
| Madagascar | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Malawi | Head of State and Government | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Malawi | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Malaysia | Head of State | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) in which a state ruler with most votes proclaimed as the King |
| Malaysia | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Malaysia | Upper chamber of legislature | Indirect | Indirect elections for 26 seats (each two seats are determined by the State Legislative Assemblies) + 44 seats appointed by the Yand di-Pertuan Agong (of which 4 of the seats are reserved to the Federal Territories members) |
| Maldives | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Maldives | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Mali | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Mali | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Malta | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Single transferable vote (STV) modified with gender corrective seats |
| Marshall Islands | Head of State and Government | ||
| Marshall Islands | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP (19 seats) + Bloc voting (14 seats) |
| Mauritania | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Mauritania | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: 106 in 46 districts; in districts with 1-2 seats : Two-round system, in larger districts: List-PR (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list) + twice 20 nationally (one set of 20 reserved for women): List-PR (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list) |
| Mauritius | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Bloc voting |
| Mexico | Head of State and Government | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Mexico | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP (300 seats) + Largest remainder (Hare quota) (200 seats) |
| Mexico | Upper chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: Largest remainder (Hare quota) + winner takes 2, second takes 1 (limited (party) block voting with closed lists) |
| Micronesia | Head of State and Government | ||
| Micronesia | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Moldova | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system(TRS) |
| Moldova | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Monaco | Head of State and Government | ||
| Monaco | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: Plurality-at-large voting in single nationwide constituency (16 seats) + D'Hondt method (8 seats) |
| Mongolia | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Mongolia | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Plurality-at-large voting (76 seats, 1-3 per district) Candidates have to get at least 28% of the votes in a district to get elected. If there are unfilled seat, a runoff is held with twice the number of candidates as there are unfilled seats. |
| Montenegro | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Montenegro | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method |
| Montserrat | Unicameral legislature | ||
| Morocco | Head of State and Government | ||
| Morocco | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: Largest remainder (295 seats) + list of women (30 seats) |
| Morocco | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Mozambique | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Mozambique | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Myanmar | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Myanmar | Upper chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Namibia | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Namibia | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Hare quota + 6 appointed |
| Namibia | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Nauru | Head of State and Government | ||
| Nauru | Unicameral legislature | Semi-proportional | Modified Borda Count (Dowdall system, First ranked candidate gets 1 point, second 1/2, third 1/3 and so on.) |
| Nepal | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP (165 seats) + Party list PR: Closed lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë method (110 seats) |
| Nepal | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Netherlands | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method |
| Netherlands | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method |
| Netherlands | Upper chamber of legislature | Proportional | Elected by members of states-provincial using Party list PR |
| New Zealand | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | MMP: Sainte-Laguë method (48+ seats) / FPTP (72 district seats which also includes 7 seats reserved for Maori) |
| Nicaragua | Head of State and Government | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Nicaragua | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Niger | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Niger | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list (105 seats) + 8 from FPTP |
| Nigeria | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Nigeria | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Nigeria | Upper chamber of legislature | Mixed | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Niue | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP (14 seats) + Bloc voting (6 seats) |
| North Korea | Unicameral legislature | Endorsement of candidate | |
| North Macedonia | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| North Macedonia | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Northern Cyprus | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Northern Cyprus | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists |
| Norway | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë method |
| Oman | Head of State and Government | ||
| Oman | Lower chamber of legislature | ||
| Oman | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Pakistan | Head of State | Single winner | Electoral college Electors consist of National Assembly, Senate and provincial assemblies |
| Pakistan | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | FPTP (272 seats) (+ 70 members appointed by parties proportional with seats already won) |
| Pakistan | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Palau | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Palau | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Palau | Upper chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Palestine | Head of State | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Palestine | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: Bloc voting or FPTP (66 seats) + Party list PR (Sainte-Laguë method; closed list; 66 seats) |
| Panama | Head of State and Government | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Panama | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Single-member constituencies: FPTP; multi-member: Saripolo or Sartori method (Largest remainder, but remainders only for those with no seats) |
| Papua New Guinea | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Papua New Guinea | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Instant runoff voting (IRV) |
| Paraguay | Head of State and Government | Single winner | FPTP |
| Paraguay | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Paraguay | Upper chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Peru | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Peru | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Largest remainder |
| Philippines | Head of State and Government | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Philippines | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP (229 districts in 2010, 232 in 2013, 238 in 2016, 243 in 2019) + Party list (closed lists; modified Hare quota with 3-seat cap and no remainders; 57 seats in 2010, 58 in 2013, 59 in 2016, 61 in 2019) |
| Philippines | Upper chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Bloc voting |
| Poland | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Poland | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Poland | Upper chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Portugal | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Portugal | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method |
| Republic of the Congo | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Republic of the Congo | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Republic of the Congo | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Romania | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Romania | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method |
| Romania | Upper chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method |
| Russia | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Russia | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP (225 seats)[67] + Party list (225 seats) |
| Russia | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Rwanda | Head of State and Government | Single winner | FPTP |
| Rwanda | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Largest remainder |
| Rwanda | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Saint Lucia | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Saint Lucia | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Saint Lucia | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Samoa | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Parallel voting: FPTP (35 seats) + Bloc voting (14 seats) |
| San Marino | Head of State and Government | ||
| San Marino | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list using a D'Hondt method with, if no government is formed, second round with only 2 largest parties (national majority bonus/jackpot) |
| Sao Tome and Principe | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Sao Tome and Principe | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list: closed lists (7 districts) |
| Senegal | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Senegal | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: 105 seats by First-past-the-post or Party Bloc vote + 60 seats by Proportional Representation |
| Serbia | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Serbia | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method |
| Seychelles | Head of State and Government | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Seychelles | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP (25 seats) + Party list PR (Hare quota , 8 seats) |
| Sierra Leone | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Sierra Leone | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR |
| Singapore | Head of State | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Singapore | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Parallel voting: Party bloc voting (79 seats) + FPTP (14 seats) |
| Slovakia | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Slovakia | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: flexible lists: Hagenbach-Bischoff |
| Slovenia | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Slovenia | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method (88 seats) + 2 seats by Borda Count |
| Slovenia | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Solomon Islands | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Solomon Islands | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Somalia | Head of State | Single winner | indirect election by the Federal Parliament of Somalia |
| Somalia | Lower chamber of legislature | ||
| Somalia | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Somaliland | Lower chamber of legislature | ||
| Somaliland | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| South Africa | Head of State and Government | Indirect | Elected by the National Assembly (candidates must be a member of the National Assembly at the time of election) |
| South Africa | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Closed lists: Droop quota |
| South Africa | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| South Korea | Head of State and Government | Single winner | FPTP |
| South Korea | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Combination of parallel voting and additional member system: FPTP (253 seats) / AMS party list (30 seats) / parallel party list (closed lists: modified Hare quota largest remainder method) (17 seats) |
| South Sudan | Head of State and Government | ||
| South Sudan | Lower chamber of legislature | ||
| South Sudan | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Spain | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method |
| Spain | Upper chamber of legislature | Semi-proportional | Limited vote (3 votes for 4 seats) (208 members), appointment by regional legislatures (variable) |
| Sri Lanka | Head of State | Single winner | Sri Lankan contingent vote |
| Sri Lanka | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists: Largest remainder (Hare quota) |
| Suriname | Head of State and Government | Indirect | Elected by a 2/3 supermajority in the National Assembly |
| Suriname | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists: (10 districts) |
| Sweden | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë |
| Switzerland | Head of State and Government | Indirect | rotation among 7 members of Federal Council |
| Switzerland | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method |
| Switzerland | Upper chamber of legislature | Varies | Two-round system (42 seats), Proportional representation (4 seats: Neuchâtel and Jura) |
| Syria | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Syria | Unicameral legislature | ||
| Taiwan | Head of State | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Taiwan | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP (73 seats) + Party-list PR (Hare quota) (34 seats) Aboriginal seats: SNTV (6 seats) |
| Tajikistan | Head of State and Government | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Tajikistan | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: Two-round system single-member constituencies (41 seats) + Party list (22 seats) |
| Tajikistan | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Tanzania | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Tanzania | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP (264 seats) + 5 Elected Indirectly by Zanzibar's Legislature + 5 Appointed by the President + 1 Ex-officio[77] + Party list (113 seats) |
| Thailand | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Thailand | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP (400 seats) + party list (100 seats with mixed single vote) |
| Thailand | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Timor-Leste | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Timor-Leste | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Largest remainder |
| Togo | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Togo | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Tonga | Head of State and Government | ||
| Tonga | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Head of State | ||
| Trinidad and Tobago | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Tunisia | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Tunisia | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party-list PR: Closed list: Largest remainder method (Hare Quota) |
| Turkey | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Turkey | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list |
| Turkmenistan | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Turkmenistan | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Turkmenistan | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Tuvalu | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| Tuvalu | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Parallel voting: Bloc voting (14 seats) + FPTP (1 seat) |
| Uganda | Head of State and Government | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Uganda | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Ukraine | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Ukraine | Unicameral legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: open regional lists |
| United Kingdom | Devolved regional legislature | Proportional | Single transferable vote (STV) |
| United Kingdom | Devolved regional legislature | Mixed | |
| United Kingdom | Devolved regional legislature | Mixed | |
| United Kingdom | Head of State | No election | Hereditary monarchy |
| United Kingdom | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| United Kingdom | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| United Kingdom | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| United Kingdom | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) |
| United Kingdom | Upper chamber of legislature | No election | 26 Lords Spiritual appointed as bishops by the Church of England, 92 Lords Temporal elected from the 806 hereditary peers by hereditary peers (or the entire House for 15 peers), and an unlimited number of Life Peers appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister (currently 670) |
| United States | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Electoral college members chosen in block on basis of state-wide plurality on a per state basis, except in Maine and Nebraska, where two electors are chosen on a statewide basis, and one elector is chosen from each Congressional district on a per district basis.48 states, including Nebraska, use plurality basis to choose electoral college members for presidential general elections. Alaska and Maine use IRV. Party nominees chosen by delegates allocated in state primaries with varying methods by state and party. |
| United States | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | FPTP for all seats in 41 states. Elsewhere: Two-round system in Georgia, Mississippi and Texas, Nonpartisan blanket primary in Alaska, California, Louisiana and Washington, and IRV in Alaska and Maine |
| United States | Upper chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | FPTP in 46 states.[note 2] Elsewhere: Instant-runoff voting in Alaska and Maine, Two-round system in Georgia and Mississippi |
| Uruguay | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Uruguay | Lower chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list |
| Uruguay | Upper chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list |
| Uzbekistan | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Uzbekistan | Lower chamber of legislature | ||
| Uzbekistan | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Vanuatu | Unicameral legislature | Semi-proportional Mixed | Single non-transferable vote (SNTV)/First past the post |
| Vatican City | Head of State and Government | Election by unelected body | Elected by the College of Cardinals: Exhaustive ballot (2/3 majority required) |
| Venezuela | Head of State and Government | Single winner | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Venezuela | Unicameral legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP or bloc voting, and FPTP in districts reserved for indigenous peoples (113 seats) + Regional party list (closed list; D'Hondt method) (52 seats) |
| Vietnam | Head of State | Indirect | Elected by the National Assembly |
| Vietnam | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | Two-round system |
| Yemen | Head of State | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Yemen | Lower chamber of legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Yemen | Upper chamber of legislature | ||
| Zambia | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Zambia | Unicameral legislature | Majoritarian | First-past-the-post (FPTP) |
| Zimbabwe | Head of State and Government | Single winner | Two-round system (TRS) |
| Zimbabwe | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed | Parallel voting: FPTP (210 seats) + Party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder method (Hare quota) (60 seats, 6 for each province, reserved for women, and based on vote in the districts) |
| Zimbabwe | Upper chamber of legislature | Proportional | Party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder method (Hare quota) (60 seats, 6 for each province, based on vote for national assembly). Additionally the senate consists of 2 seats for each non-metropolitan district of Zimbabwe elected by each provincial assembly of chiefs using SNTV, 1 seat each for the president and deputy president of the National Council of Chiefs, 1 male and 1 female seat for people with disabilities elected on separate ballots using FPTP by an electoral college designated by the National Disability Board. |