Electoral Systems by Country 2025

General Electoral System Type (IDEA)

In transition

Mixed

Not applicable

Other

Plurality/Majority

Plurality/Majority and PR

Proportional

General Electoral System Type (IDEA)

86 countries

78 countries

33 countries

Country	General Electoral System Type (IDEA)↓	Specific Office Being Elected	Specific Electoral System	Additional Election Details
Indonesia	Proportional	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional Semi-proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Open lists: Webster/Sainte-Laguë method Single non-transferable vote (SNTV)
Brazil	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method Plurality block voting (BV) and First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Turkey	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list
South Africa	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Indirect Proportional	Elected by the National Assembly (candidates must be a member of the National Assembly at the time of election) Party list PR: Closed lists: Droop quota
Colombia	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method Party list PR: D'Hondt method
Spain	Proportional	Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Proportional Semi-proportional	Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method Limited vote (3 votes for 4 seats) (208 members), appointment by regional legislatures (variable)
Algeria	Proportional	Head of State Lower Chamber of Legislature Upper Chamber of Legislature	Single winner Proportional Indirect	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Open lists, Largest remainder method (Hare quota) 2/3 indirect election, 1/3 appointed by president
Argentina	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional Semi-proportional	Modified Two-round system Party list PR: Closed lists, D'Hondt method Limited voting with party-lists: 2 seats to most voted party or coalition in each province, 1 seat to second most voted party or coalition (limited vote with closed lists)
Angola	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	First-past-the-post (FPTP) between the top candidates on party lists for National Assembly elections Party list PR: Closed lists, D'Hondt method
Morocco	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Mixed	Parallel voting: Largest remainder (295 seats) + list of women (30 seats)
Poland	Proportional	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Mozambique	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method
Peru	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Largest remainder
Niger	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list (105 seats) + 8 from FPTP
Burkina Faso	Proportional			Currently No Elections are Held
Sri Lanka	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Sri Lankan contingent vote Party list PR: Open lists: Largest remainder (Hare quota)
Chile	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method
Romania	Proportional	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method
Guatemala	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method
Netherlands	Proportional	Lower chamber of legislature Unicameral legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Proportional Proportional Proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method Elected by members of states-provincial using Party list PR
Ecuador	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Closed lists: Sainte-Laguë method
Cambodia	Proportional	Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP + Party list PR: D'Hondt method
Benin	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Largest remainder (24 districts)
Rwanda	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional	FPTP Party list PR: Largest remainder
Burundi	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method
Belgium	Proportional	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	No election Proportional Indirect	Hereditary monarchy Party list PR (flexible lists): D'Hondt method 50 Senators elected by the community/regional parliaments10 Senators co-opted by the other senators
Jordan	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Mixed	Parallel voting: each voter has one vote for one candidate in one subdistrict of his choice in the district he lives in (like SNTV), one winner per subdistrict (like FPTP) (108 seats in 45 districts including 12 seats reserved for minorities) + 15 seats reserved for women (best losers) + Party list PR (closed lists) (27 seats)
Dominican Republic	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Honduras	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	FPTP Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota)
Sweden	Proportional	Unicameral legislature	Proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë
Czech Republic	Proportional	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Open lists (Imperiali quota and Hagenbach-Bischoff quota) Two-round system (TRS)
Portugal	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method
Greece	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional (2023), semi-proportional (after 2023)	Elected by the parliament "Party-list proportional representation: all 300 seats proportionally divided via several allocations (for 2023 elections) Majority bonus system (MBS): 250 seats proportionally divided via several allocations; between 20 and 50 bonus seats to the party placing first (after 2023 elections)"
Togo	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Two-round system (TRS)
Israel	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Elected by the Knesset Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method
Austria	Proportional	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional Indirect	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) at district and regional levels, D'Hondt method for remaining votes at national level Proportional to the distribution of seats in the state parliaments (indirect Party list PR)
Switzerland	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Indirect Proportional Varies	rotation among 7 members of Federal Council Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method Two-round system (42 seats), Proportional representation (4 seats: Neuchâtel and Jura)
Paraguay	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional Proportional	FPTP Party list PR: D'Hondt method Party list PR: D'Hondt method
Nicaragua	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	First-past-the-post (FPTP) Party list PR: D'Hondt method
Bulgaria	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method
Serbia	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method
El Salvador	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method
Denmark	Proportional	Unicameral legislature	Proportional	Party list PR MMP: D'Hondt method (135 constituency seats elected in districts varying from 1 to 23 seats each), Sainte-Laguë method (40 leveling seats)
Lebanon	Proportional	Unicameral legislature	Proportional	Party list PR (open list): D'Hondt method
Finland	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method (12 districts + 1 seat Åland FPTP)
Norway	Proportional	Unicameral legislature	Proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë method
Slovakia	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: flexible lists: Hagenbach-Bischoff
Ireland	Proportional	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional	Instant runoff voting (IRV) Single transferable vote (STV) "Indirect election: – 11 nominated by the Taoiseach – 6 elected by the graduates of certain Irish universities: 3 by graduates of Dublin University 3 by graduates of the National University – 43 elected from five special panels of nominees (known as vocational panels) by an electorate consisting of TDs (member of Dáil Éireann), outgoing senators and members of city and county councils"
Costa Rica	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Modified Two-round system (TRS): 40% of votes needed to win in first round Party list PR: Largest remainder method
Panama	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	First-past-the-post (FPTP) Mixed-member majoritarian representation: Single-member constituencies: FPTP; multi-member: Saripolo or Sartori method (Largest remainder, but remainders only for those with no seats)
Croatia	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method, plus some reserved for minorities and Croatians living abroad
Uruguay	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Proportional	Heads of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Majoritarian Proportional	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Party list PR: Sainte-Laguë method
Namibia	Proportional	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Hare quota + 6 appointed
Moldova	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system(TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method
Armenia	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Since 2018, the President is elected by members of parliament Party list PR / optional runoff with majority jackpot or minority jackpot: Largest remainder. Nationwide Closed list and an Open list in each of 13 election districts.
Albania	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Indirect Proportional	Elected by the Parliament via a secret vote Party list PR: Open lists, D'Hondt method
Guinea-Bissau	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list (closed lists) (27 districts)
Slovenia	Proportional	Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method (88 seats) + 2 seats by Borda Count
Equatorial Guinea	Proportional	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional	FPTP Party list
Latvia	Proportional	Unicameral legislature	Proportional	Party list PR: Sainte-Laguë method
North Macedonia	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method
Timor-Leste	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Largest remainder
Cyprus	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Open lists (Hare quota): Largest remainder (with remainder allocated at national level)
Estonia	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Elected by the parliament (Riigikogu) or by special electoral body Party list PR: D'Hondt method (12 districts)
Fiji	Proportional	Unicameral legislature	Proportional	Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method
Guyana	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	FPTP (Double simultaneous) Mixed member party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder (Hare quota)
Luxembourg	Proportional	Unicameral legislature	Proportional	Party list PR:Open lists:D'Hondt method
Suriname	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Indirect Proportional	Elected by a 2/3 supermajority in the National Assembly Party list PR: Open lists: (10 districts)
Montenegro	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method
Malta	Proportional	Unicameral legislature	Proportional	Single transferable vote (STV) modified with gender corrective seats
Cape Verde	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method
Iceland	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	FPTP Party list PR: D'Hondt method
Sao Tome and Principe	Proportional	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list: closed lists (7 districts)
Aruba	Proportional
Greenland	Proportional
Liechtenstein	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Proportional	Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota)
San Marino	Proportional	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Proportional	Party list using a D'Hondt method with, if no government is formed, second round with only 2 largest parties (national majority bonus/jackpot)
DR Congo	Plurality/Majority and PR	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Mixed Indirect	First-past-the-post (FPTP) Mixed-member majoritarian representation:First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts and List PR in multi-member districts (Largest remainder) Indirect election by provincial assemblies
Madagascar	Plurality/Majority and PR	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Parallel voting: FPTP (87 seats) + Party list PR (Closed list, highest averages method; 64 seats)
India	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Majoritarian	elected by an electoral college FPTP not elected by direct vote of the people—elected by each state Vidhan Sabha using STV
United States	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian Majoritarian	"Electoral college members chosen in block on basis of state-wide plurality on a per state basis, except in Maine and Nebraska, where two electors are chosen on a statewide basis, and one elector is chosen from each Congressional district on a per district basis.48 states, including Nebraska, use plurality basis to choose electoral college members for presidential general elections. Alaska and Maine use IRV. Party nominees chosen by delegates allocated in state primaries with varying methods by state and party." FPTP for all seats in 41 states. Elsewhere: Two-round system in Georgia, Mississippi and Texas, Nonpartisan blanket primary in Alaska, California, Louisiana and Washington, and IRV in Alaska and Maine FPTP in 46 states.[note 2] Elsewhere: Instant-runoff voting in Alaska and Maine, Two-round system in Georgia and Mississippi
Nigeria	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Mixed Mixed	Two-round system (TRS) First-past-the-post (FPTP) First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Bangladesh	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Indirect Majoritarian	Elected by the Parliament First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Ethiopia	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Indirect Majoritarian Indirect	Elected by a 2/3 supermajority in the Federal Parliamentary Assembly First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Elected by regional councils
Egypt	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixe	Two-round system (TRS) Parallel voting[citation needed]: Two-round system (TRS) (448 seats) + Party list PR (120 seats)
Vietnam	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Indirect Majoritarian	Elected by the National Assembly Two-round system
Iran	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government	Single winner Majoritarian Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Two-round block voting (25% of votes in 1st round) Block voting
Tanzania	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	Two-round system (TRS) Parallel voting: FPTP (264 seats) + 5 Elected Indirectly by Zanzibar's Legislature + 5 Appointed by the President + 1 Ex-officio[77] + Party list (113 seats)
United Kingdom	Plurality/Majority	Devolved regional legislature Devolved regional legislature Devolved regional legislature Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Lower chamber of legislature Unicameral legislature Unicameral legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Proportional Mixed Mixed No election Majoritarian Majoritarian Majoritarian Majoritarian No election	Single transferable vote (STV) Hereditary monarchy First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 26 Lords Spiritual appointed as bishops by the Church of England, 92 Lords Temporal elected from the 806 hereditary peers by hereditary peers (or the entire House for 15 peers), and an unlimited number of Life Peers appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister (currently 670)
France	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Two-round system (TRS) Elected indirectly by approximately 150,000 officials ("grands électeurs"), including regional councilors, department councilors, mayors, city councilors in large towns, and members of the National Assembly
Kenya	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian Majoritarian	Two round vote Plurality: 337 FPTP + 12 List proportional to seats won Plurality: 47 FPTP + 20 List proportional to seats won
Myanmar	Plurality/Majority	Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Majoritarian Majoritarian	First-past-the-post (FPTP) First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Uganda	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	First-past-the-post (FPTP) First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Iraq	Plurality/Majority	Unicameral legislature	Semi-proportional	Single non-transferable vote (SNTV)
Yemen	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Canada	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	No election Majoritarian No election	Hereditary monarchy First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the Prime Minister
Uzbekistan	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list
Malaysia	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian Indirect	First-past-the-post (FPTP) in which a state ruler with most votes proclaimed as the King First-past-the-post (FPTP) Indirect elections for 26 seats (each two seats are determined by the State Legislative Assemblies) + 44 seats appointed by the Yand di-Pertuan Agong (of which 4 of the seats are reserved to the Federal Territories members)
Ghana	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Ivory Coast	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) FPTP
Cameroon	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Mixed-member majoritarian representationFirst-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member constituencies, in multi-member constituencies party with over 50% of vote gets all seats (party block voting), otherwise highest party gets half, rest distributed by largest remainder (Hare quota)
Australia	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	No election Majoritarian Proportional	Hereditary monarchy Instant runoff voting (IRV) Single transferable vote (STV)
North Korea	Plurality/Majority	Unicameral legislature		Endorsement of candidate
Syria	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner	Two-round system (TRS)
Mali	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Two-round system (TRS)
Malawi	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	First-past-the-post (FPTP) First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Zambia	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Chad	Plurality/Majority			Currently No Elections are Held
Tunisia	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party-list PR: Closed list: Largest remainder method (Hare Quota)
Haiti	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner	Two-round system (TRS) Two-round system (TRS)
Cuba	Plurality/Majority	Unicameral legislature	Majoritarian	Two-round system, Endorsement of selected candidates
Papua New Guinea	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	No election Majoritarian	Hereditary monarchy Instant runoff voting (IRV)
Azerbaijan	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	First-past-the-post (FPTP) First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Belarus	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian Indirect	Two-round system First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Each oblast (six) and the city of Minsk (the national capital) are represented by eight members, and an additional eight members are appointed to the council via presidential quota
Sierra Leone	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR
Laos	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Majoritarian	Bloc voting
Turkmenistan	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Two-round system (TRS)
Republic of the Congo	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Two-round system (TRS)
Singapore	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	First-past-the-post (FPTP) Parallel voting: Party bloc voting (79 seats) + FPTP (14 seats)
Liberia	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) FPTP FPTP
Central African Republic	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	First-past-the-post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS)
Oman	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature
Mongolia	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Plurality-at-large voting (76 seats, 1-3 per district) Candidates have to get at least 28% of the votes in a district to get elected. If there are unfilled seat, a runoff is held with twice the number of candidates as there are unfilled seats.
Qatar	Plurality/Majority
Jamaica	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature	No election Majoritarian	Hereditary monarchy FPTP
Gambia	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	FPTP First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Gabon	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	FPTP Two-round system (TRS)
Botswana	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Indirect Majoritarian	Elected by the National Assemblies First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Bahrain	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	No election Majoritarian No election	Hereditary monarchy Two-round system (TRS) Appointed by the King
Trinidad and Tobago	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Majoritarian	First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Mauritius	Plurality/Majority	Unicameral legislature	Majoritarian	Bloc voting
Eswatini	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	No election Majoritarian Indirect	Hereditary monarchy First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP), with 10 members appointed by the Ngwenyama Partly appointed by the Ngwenyama (2/3), partly elected by the House of Assembly
Comoros	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Two-round system (TRS)
Solomon Islands	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	No election Majoritarian	Hereditary monarchy First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Bhutan	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	No election Majoritarian Majoritarian	Hereditary monarchy Two-round system (TRS) variant, only top two parties enter second round First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Maldives	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Belize	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	No election Majoritarian No election	Hereditary monarchy First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister (6), the Leader of the Opposition (3), and other organisations (4)
Bahamas	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	No election Majoritarian No election	Hereditary monarchy First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Appointed by the Governor-General
Barbados	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Indirect Majoritarian No election	Elected by the Parliament First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Appointed by the President
Samoa	Plurality/Majority	Unicameral legislature	Majoritarian	Parallel voting: FPTP (35 seats) + Bloc voting (14 seats)
Saint Lucia	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	No election Majoritarian	Hereditary monarchy First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Kiribati	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	FPTP Modified runoff
Grenada	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	No election Majoritarian	Hereditary monarchy FPTP
Micronesia	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Majoritarian	First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Jersey	Plurality/Majority
Tonga	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	No election Majoritarian	Hereditary monarchy First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Antigua and Barbuda	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	No election Majoritarian No election	Hereditary monarchy First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Appointed by the Governor-General
Isle of Man	Plurality/Majority
Cayman Islands	Plurality/Majority	Unicameral legislature
Dominica	Plurality/Majority	Unicameral legislature	Majoritarian	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Bermuda	Plurality/Majority	Upper chamber of legislature Lower chamber of legislature	No Election Single Winner	Appointed by the Governor First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Guernsey	Plurality/Majority
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	No election Majoritarian	Hereditary monarchy First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Turks and Caicos Islands	Plurality/Majority
British Virgin Islands	Plurality/Majority	Unicameral legislature
Marshall Islands	Plurality/Majority	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (19 seats) + Bloc voting (14 seats)
Palau	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) First-past-the-post (FPTP) First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Anguilla	Plurality/Majority	Unicameral legislature
Cook Islands	Plurality/Majority
Tuvalu	Plurality/Majority	Head of State Unicameral legislature	No election Majoritarian	Hereditary monarchy Parallel voting: Bloc voting (14 seats) + FPTP (1 seat)
Montserrat	Plurality/Majority	Unicameral legislature
Falkland Islands	Plurality/Majority
Tokelau	Plurality/Majority
Niue	Plurality/Majority	Unicameral legislature	Mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (14 seats) + Bloc voting (6 seats)
Afghanistan	Other			Currently No Elections are Held
Kuwait	Other	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Semi-proportional	Single non-transferable vote (1 vote for 10 seats)
Vanuatu	Other	Unicameral legislature	Semi-proportional Mixed	Single non-transferable vote (SNTV)/First past the post
Gibraltar	Other	Unicameral legislature	Majoritarian	Plurality block voting
Nauru	Other	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Semi-proportional	Modified Borda Count (Dowdall system, First ranked candidate gets 1 point, second 1/2, third 1/3 and so on.)
China	Not applicable			Currently No Elections are Held
Saudi Arabia	Not applicable
Somalia	Not applicable	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner	indirect election by the Federal Parliament of Somalia
United Arab Emirates	Not applicable
Eritrea	Not applicable	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Majoritarian	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Brunei	Not applicable			Currently No Elections are Held
Vatican City	Not applicable	Head of State and Government	Election by unelected body	Elected by the College of Cardinals: Exhaustive ballot (2/3 majority required)
Pakistan	Mixed	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Electoral college Electors consist of National Assembly, Senate and provincial assemblies FPTP (272 seats) (+ 70 members appointed by parties proportional with seats already won)
Russia	Mixed	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Mixed	Two-round system (TRS) Parallel voting: FPTP (225 seats)[67] + Party list (225 seats)
Mexico	Mixed	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Mixed Mixed	First-past-the-post (FPTP) Parallel voting: FPTP (300 seats) + Largest remainder (Hare quota) (200 seats) Parallel voting: Largest remainder (Hare quota) + winner takes 2, second takes 1 (limited (party) block voting with closed lists)
Japan	Mixed	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Mixed Mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (295 seats) + Party list PR (Closed list) D'Hondt method (180 seats) Parallel voting: SNTV (73 seats) + Party list PR (Open list) D'Hondt method (96 seats)
Philippines	Mixed	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Mixed Majoritarian	First-past-the-post (FPTP) Parallel voting: FPTP (229 districts in 2010, 232 in 2013, 238 in 2016, 243 in 2019) + Party list (closed lists; modified Hare quota with 3-seat cap and no remainders; 57 seats in 2010, 58 in 2013, 59 in 2016, 61 in 2019) Bloc voting
Germany	Mixed	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional	Federal Convention Half the member are the Bundestag, the other half is appointed by state legislatures MMP: Sainte-Laguë using regional fixed lists / FPTP appointed by the 16 State Governments respectively
Thailand	Mixed	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	No election Mixed	Hereditary monarchy Parallel voting: FPTP (400 seats) + party list (100 seats with mixed single vote)
Italy	Mixed	Head of State Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Mixed Mixed	Parallel voting: 232 FPTP seats + 398 (including citizens abroad) Party list PR seats (largest remainder and Hare quota), no panachage allowed in parallel voting Parallel voting: 116 FPTP seats + 199 (including citizens abroad) Party list PR seats (largest remainder and Hare quota), no panachage allowed in parallel voting
South Korea	Mixed	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	FPTP Combination of parallel voting and additional member system: FPTP (253 seats) / AMS party list (30 seats) / parallel party list (closed lists: modified Hare quota largest remainder method) (17 seats)
Sudan	Mixed
Ukraine	Mixed	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party list PR: open regional lists
Nepal	Mixed	Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Mixed	Parallel voting: FPTP (165 seats) + Party list PR: Closed lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë method (110 seats)
Venezuela	Mixed	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	First-past-the-post (FPTP) Parallel voting: FPTP or bloc voting, and FPTP in districts reserved for indigenous peoples (113 seats) + Regional party list (closed list; D'Hondt method) (52 seats)
Taiwan	Mixed	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	First-past-the-post (FPTP) "Parallel voting: FPTP (73 seats) + Party-list PR (Hare quota) (34 seats) Aboriginal seats: SNTV (6 seats)"
Kazakhstan	Mixed	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Party-list
Senegal	Mixed	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	Two-round system (TRS) Parallel voting: 105 seats by First-past-the-post or Party Bloc vote + 60 seats by Proportional Representation
Zimbabwe	Mixed	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Mixed Proportional	Two-round system (TRS) Parallel voting: FPTP (210 seats) + Party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder method (Hare quota) (60 seats, 6 for each province, reserved for women, and based on vote in the districts) Party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder method (Hare quota) (60 seats, 6 for each province, based on vote for national assembly). Additionally the senate consists of 2 seats for each non-metropolitan district of Zimbabwe elected by each provincial assembly of chiefs using SNTV, 1 seat each for the president and deputy president of the National Council of Chiefs, 1 male and 1 female seat for people with disabilities elected on separate ballots using FPTP by an electoral college designated by the National Disability Board.
Guinea	Mixed	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	Two-round system (TRS) Parallel voting: 38 FPTP + 76 Party list PR (Hare quota)
Bolivia	Mixed	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Mixed Proportional	Modified Two-round system (Double simultaneous) (winner with 50% of votes or 40% and a 10% lead over the second) MMP: FPTP (70 seats) / Party-list proportional representation: Closed lists: D'Hondt method (60 seats) Party list PR: D'Hondt method
Tajikistan	Mixed	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Single winner Mixed	First-past-the-post (FPTP) Parallel voting: Two-round system single-member constituencies (41 seats) + Party list (22 seats)
Hungary	Mixed	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	Elected by the National Assembly Mixed-member majoritarian: 106 FPTP + 93 national list-PR (combination of partially compensatory system and mixed single vote)
Libya	Mixed
Kyrgyzstan	Mixed	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	Two-round system (TRS) Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (36 seats) + Party list PR (54 seats)
Palestine	Mixed	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	First-past-the-post (FPTP) Parallel voting: Bloc voting or FPTP (66 seats) + Party list PR (Sainte-Laguë method; closed list; 66 seats)
Mauritania	Mixed	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	Two-round system (TRS) Parallel voting: 106 in 46 districts; in districts with 1-2 seats : Two-round system, in larger districts: List-PR (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list) + twice 20 nationally (one set of 20 reserved for women): List-PR (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list)
New Zealand	Mixed	Unicameral legislature	Proportional	MMP: Sainte-Laguë method (48+ seats) / FPTP (72 district seats which also includes 7 seats reserved for Maori)
Georgia	Mixed	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	Two-round system (TRS) Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): Two-round system (TRS) + Party-list PR (closed list)
Lithuania	Mixed	Head of State Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	Two-round system (TRS) Parallel voting: Two-round system (71 seats) + Party list PR (70 seats, Largest remainder)
Lesotho	Mixed	Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature	Proportional	MMP using mixed single vote: (40 party list seats / 80 FPTP seats)
Djibouti	Mixed	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Majoritarian	Two-round system (TRS) Fusion / majority jackpot:80% of seats (rounded to the nearest integer) in each constituency are awarded to the party receiving the most votes (party block voting), remaining seats are allocated proportionally to other parties receiving over 10% (closed list, D'Hondt method)
Seychelles	Mixed	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Single winner Mixed	First-past-the-post (FPTP) Parallel voting: FPTP (25 seats) + Party list PR (Hare quota , 8 seats)
Andorra	Mixed	Heads of State Unicameral legislature	No election Mixed	President of France (elected directly in France) and the Bishop of Urgell (appointed by the Holy See) Parallel voting: party block voting (local) + list PR (nationwide)
Monaco	Mixed	Head of State and Government Unicameral legislature	Mixed	Parallel voting: Plurality-at-large voting in single nationwide constituency (16 seats) + D'Hondt method (8 seats)
South Sudan	In transition	Head of State and Government Lower chamber of legislature Upper chamber of legislature
Macau		Unicameral legislature	Proportional	Party list PR: D'Hondt method

According to the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), most electoral systems fall into one of three main categories: “Plurality/Majority” systems, “Proportional Representation (PR)” systems, and “Mixed” systems. In addition, a number of countries may be classified as “In transition”, “Not applicable”, or “Other”, such as Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or Limited Vote (LV) systems.
Other sources, many of which were consulted in determining the specific electoral systems in use for the election of certain offices, may divide the various systems into additional, more granular classifications.

There are many electoral systems used worldwide. Here is a summary explanation of the various types of electoral systems in alphabetical order.

Approval Voting

Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a multiple-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a single winner or multi-winner.

Borda Count

Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian/semi-proportional based on candidates, using a ranked-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a single winner or multi-winner. Condorcet Method

Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a ranked-choice ballot that uses a majority against every candidate rule to determine a single winner.

Cumulative Voting

Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian/semi-proportional based on candidates, using a cumulative ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a single winner or multi-winner.

Dual Member Proportional

Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional/proportional based on a list or candidates, using a single-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a multi-winner.

Exhaustive Ballot

Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a single-choice ballot that uses a majority rule to determine a single winner or multi-winner.

First-Past-The-Post (FPTP)

Under this two-round system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a single-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a single winner.

Instant-Runoff Voting

Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a ranked-choice ballot that uses a majority rule to determine a single winner.

Limited Voting

Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional based on candidates, using a multiple-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a multi-winner.

Multiple Transferable Vote

Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a ranked-choice ballot that uses a majority rule to determine a multi-winner.

Party-Block Voting

Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on a list, using a single-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a multi-winner.

Party-List Proportional Representation (list-PR)

Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional/proportional based on a list or open list of candidates, using a single-choice ballot that uses a quota or divisor method to determine a multi-winner.

Plurality Block Voting

Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a multiple-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a multi-winner.

Score Voting

Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian/semi-proportional based on candidates, using a score ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a single winner or multi-winner.

Seat-Linkage Compensatory Combination of FPTP + List-PR

Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional/proportional based on candidates + list, using a single-choice ballot that uses a mixed compensatory rule to determine a multi-winner (single winner in districts).

Single Non-Transferable Vote

Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional based on candidates, using a single-choice ballot that uses a plurality rule to determine a multi-winner.

Single Transferable Vote

Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional/proportional based on candidates, using a ranked-choice ballot that uses a quota rule to determine a multi-winner.

Superposition - Non-Compensatory Combo of FPTP + List-PR

Under this system, the type of voting is semi-proportional based on candidates + list using a single-choice ballot that uses a mixed non-compensatory rule to determine a multi-winner (single winner in districts).

Two-Round Block Voting

Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a multiple-choice ballot that uses a majority rule to determine a multi-winner.

Two-Round System

Under this system, the type of voting is majoritarian based on candidates, using a single-choice ballot that uses a majority rule to determine a single winner.